2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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Aquatic Mammals 2003, 29.3, 342–354 Seasonal occurrence of male Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) on the Belize Barrier Reef Caryn Self-Sullivan 1,2 , Gregory W. Smith 3 , Jane M. Packard 1,2 and Katherine S. LaCommare 2,3 1 Texas A&M University, Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences, Mail Stop 2258, College Station, Texas 77843–2258, USA 2 Sirenian International, Inc., 200 Stonewall Drive, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401–2110, USA 3 P.O. Box 142, San Pedro Town, Belize, Central America 4 University of Massachusetts-Boston, Department of Biology, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA Abstract A fragment of manatee habitat that crosses the border of Belize and Mexico includes both activity centres and travel routes linking rivers, lagoons, seagrass beds and mangrove islands near Chetumal Bay. Little is known about how geophysical features like coral reefs may in uence manatee movements within and between habitat fragments like this. In this inductive study (1995–2001), we documented the seasonal occurrence of Antillean manatees at breaks in the northern Belize Barrier Reef. Survey locations were at: (1) Bacalar Chico National Park and Marine Reserve on Ambergris Caye (Basil Jones Cut) and (2) breaks in the reef 70 km south near the Drowned Cayes (Gallows Reef). The probability of sighting at least one manatee on a 20-min point scan survey was 40% (n=382). Sighting probability was signi cantly higher during the summer season (May–August) compared to winter months (December–March). Group size ranged from one to ve manatees, peaking earlier (May) at the northern than southern site (August). Seventeen identi able individuals accounted for 87% of the sightings at Basil Jones Cut, with re-sightings within and between years. One individual from Basil Jones Cut was re-sighted at Gallows Reef. Of the manatees for which sex was determined, 100% were males. No calves were sighted. To better understand manatee activity centres and travel routes, we identi ed potential hypotheses relating seasonal in uences, stopover sites for travelling males, and habitat connectivity. To protect this highly vulnerable species, we recommend inclusion of the Belize Barrier Reef as an important component of manatee habitat within the coastal zone of Belize. Key words: Antillean manatee, Trichechus manatus manatus, Caribbean, Belize, habitat connectivity, ? 2003 EAAM stopover sites, coastal zone management, Belize Barrier Reef, fragmented populations, seasonal habitat use. Introduction A sub-species of the West Indian manatee, the Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) occurs in rivers and coastal marine systems of at least 19 countries in the Wider Caribbean Region, including the Greater Antilles, Mexico, Central America, and South America (CEP/UNEP, 1995; Lefebvre et al., 2001). It is listed by the IUCN (Hilton-Taylor, 2001) as vulnerable, in continuing decline, with severely fragmented populations (VU A1cd, C2a), and has been identi ed as one of the ‘priority protected species of regional concern’ (CEP/UNEP, 1995 pp. 1). One population of this focal species spans the border of Belize and Mexico, a diverse habitat including Chetumal Bay and the northern Belize Barrier Reef Lagoon System (Fig. 1). With a relatively short coastline extending from the Gulf of Honduras in the south to Chetumal Bay in the north, Belize reports the largest number of Antillean manatees in the Caribbean region (O’Shea & Salisbury, 1991). The contiguous Chetumal Bay is one of the most important areas for manatees in Mexico (Morales et al., 2000) and Northern Belize (Auil, 1998). Primary habitat consists of rivers, coastal lagoons and bays, and mangrove islands between the Belize Barrier Reef and the mainland (Bengtson & Magor, 1979; O’Shea & Salisbury 1991; Gibson, 1995; Auil, 1998; Morales- Vela et al., 2000). OVshore atoll systems, such as TurneVe Atoll, are considered secondary habitat for manatees (Gibson, 1995; Auil, 1998; Morales-Vela et al., 2000).
Manatees on the Belize Barrier Reef Figure 1. Northern Belize Barrier Reef Lagoon System and Southern Chetumal Bay showing survey locations and the 100-fathom line (100 fathoms=183 m, map modi ed from Purdy et al., 1975). 343
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ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION OF
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discomfort without proper protectio
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ABOUT BELIZE Research Site: The pro
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FIELD TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS Duri
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SBCRC is s
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HEALTH INFORMATION Routine Immuniza
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• Consult the CDC for immunizatio
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Oil or oil-based repellant (e.g. ol
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Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation
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MINIMUM / MAXIMUM CLASS SIZE: 6-24
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COURSE FEE & ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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Ecology, Behavior & Conservation of
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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FIELD JOURNALS You are required to
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OUR INVESTIGATION Figure 2. G. crut
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction The
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction On a
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Method We selected a patch reef loc
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction We f
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OUR RESEARCH FINDINGS Introduction
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area on the north part of the islan
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Introduction Our Investigation Befo
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Introduction Sea stars have long be
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INVESTIGATION Introduction Retracti
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Introduction Shells serve as a limi
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Introduction Lunar reproductive rhy
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TRIP SUMMARY SHEET (page 1) Day of
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RECORD OF EFFORT DATA SHEET Event (
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36 LaCommare et al. to the Drowned
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38 LaCommare et al. Figure 2. Map o
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40 LaCommare et al. points was 0.31
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42 LaCommare et al. may even provid
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172 NOTES Caribbean Journal of Scie
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174 FIG. 1. Drowned Cayes study are
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176 severe event occurred in 1998 (
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Coral Reefs (1997) 16, Suppl.: S23
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Table 1. Caribbean Diadema lore Sou
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Table 2. Historical accounts of the
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Table 3. Excerpts from Ernest F. Th
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Bradbury RH, Seymour RM, Antonelli
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Social Interactions in Captive Fema
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Captive Female Manatee Social Behav
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ut not random. Behaviors were not o
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Community Structure, Population Con
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422 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST the pla
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424 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST sarily
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Environmental Conservation 29 (2):
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194 C.M. Duarte well as more recent
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196 C.M. Duarte atmospheric inputs
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198 C.M. Duarte development (Short
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200 C.M. Duarte POTENTIAL STATUS IN
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202 C.M. Duarte detecting losses of
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204 C.M. Duarte Coles, R. & Fortes,
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206 C.M. Duarte Ramos-Esplá, A., M
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$1.2 million (Moore et al. 2009a).
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and positively related to knowledge
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student’s ability to learn facts
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Conservation and Behaviour Richard
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animals may adopt microhabitat choi
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and minimize traffic-induced wildli
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decision rules they use in response
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Gagnon JW, Theimer TC, Dodd NL, Boe
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402 Opinion TRENDS in Ecology and E
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 DOI 10.10
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 45 Fig. 1
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 47 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 49 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 51 the pr
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 53 L, Rei
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(Halodule wrightii and Syringodium
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Diurnal and Nocturnal Scans Four of
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Figure 3. The number of scans (whit
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in 2006. Although this difference i
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manatus in Costa Rica. Biological C
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574 D. J. Semeyn et al. and natural
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576 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 1 Refe
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578 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 3 Refe
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580 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 4 Kern
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582 D. J. Semeyn et al. biologists
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Intraspecific and geographic variat
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III. RESULTS Manatees in Florida an
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 DOI 10.
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 835 dur
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 837 Tab
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 839 Man
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 841 edu
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 DOI 10.1
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 797 was
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Low genetic variation and evidence
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Reduced Belize manatee dispersal an
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and respond to human encounters by
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tourist vessels are present, and th
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that approach behaviour may be habi
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to structure almost completely the
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MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 27(3): 606-6
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Journal of Zoology The lesser of tw
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E. M. Arraut et al. & Sparks, 1989)
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E. M. Arraut et al. Frequent cloud
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E. M. Arraut et al. rising-water we
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E. M. Arraut et al. (Link, 1795) an
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The Journal of Experimental Biology
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Fig. 1. Rescue locations of manatee
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The present study is the first to c
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Bearhop, S., Waldron, S., Votier, S
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Table 1. Results from the GLM relat
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28
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Figure 1. Map of the Drowned Cayes
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Figure 3. Histogram of number of ma
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a. b. c. Power Power Power 100 80 6
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2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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