2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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Reduced Belize manatee dispersal and genetic variation M. E. Hunter et al. Eastern leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis). J. Hered. 93, 303–311. Vianna, J.A., Bonde, R.K., Caballero, S., Giraldo, J.P., Lima, R.P., Clark, A., Marmontel, M., Morales-Vela, B., De Souza, M.J., Parr, L., Rodriguez-Lopez, M.A., Mignucci- Giannoni, A.A., Powell, J.A. & Santos, F.R. (2006). Phylogeography, phylogeny and hybridization in trichechid sirenians: implications for manatee conservation. Mol. Ecol. 15, 433–447. Waits, L.P., Luikart, G. & Taberlet, P. (2001). Estimating the probability of identity among genotypes in natural 602 populations: cautions and guidelines. Mol. Ecol. 10, 249–256. Waldick, R.C., Kraus, S.S., Brown, M. & White, B.N. (2002). Evaluating the effects of historic bottleneck events: an assessment of microsatellite variability in the endangered, North Atlantic right whale. Mol. Ecol. 11, 2241–2250. Wilberg, M.J. & Dreher, B.P. (2004). GENECAP: a program for analysis of multilocus genotype data for non-invasive sampling and capture-recapture population estimation. Mol. Ecol. Notes 4, 783–785. Animal Conservation 13 (2010) 592–602 c 2010 The Authors. Animal Conservation c 2010 The Zoological Society of London
Tourism and wildlife habituation: Reduced population fitness or cessation of impact? J.E.S. Higham *, E.J. Shelton Department of Tourism, School of Business, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand article info Article history: Received 17 August 2010 Accepted 15 December 2010 Keywords: Tourism Wildlife Habituation Stimulus control Tolerance Sensitisation Management 1. Introduction abstract The concept of wildlife habituation traditionally has been treated uncritically within the field of nature-based tourism (Edington & Edington, 1986; Shelton & Higham, 2007). Typically the concept of habituation is accepted as a unitary phenomenon that is a negative possible consequence of tourist interactions with animals in the wild (Higginbottom, 2004; Newsome et al., 2005; Shackley, 1996). This global and stable behavioural descriptor, habituation, is an unhelpful way to formulate most observed lack-of-wildlife-response to human interactions. A more fine-grained behavioural and temporal approach to understanding wildlife habituation may be of considerable relevance to the optimal management of tourist interactions with wild animals. This paper attempts two points of departure from established discourses on wildlife habituation. The first challenges the contrast between the use of habituation in zoological studies (e.g. to mitigate researcher impacts), and the treatment of habituation in tourism management as entirely undesirable (Seddon, Ellenberg, & van Heezik, in press). Second, it asks if in some instances habituation * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: james.higham@otago.ac.nz, jhigham@business.otago.ac.nz (J.E.S. Higham), eric.shelton@otago.ac.nz (E.J. Shelton). 0261-5177/$ e see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.12.006 Tourism Management 32 (2011) 1290e1298 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Tourism Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tourman Habituation typically is viewed as a negative consequence of human interactions with wildlife (Higginbottom, 2004; Newsome, Dowling, & Moore, 2005; Shackley, 1996). While animal habituation commonly is used in the laboratory and field-based zoology studies, attempts to consider deliberate habituation specifically in a tourism management context (Shelton, Higham, & Seddon, 2004) has been received unsympathetically by biological scientists and wildlife managers on the grounds that habituation, by definition, is undesirable. This paper puts forward the case that the global and stable behavioural descriptor, habituation, is not the most useful way to formulate most observed lack-of-wildlife-response to visitor approach and observation. It presents an applied behaviour analysis of wildlife habituation that is situated within learning theory. This analysis differentiates between avoidance/approach behaviours, tolerance, habituation and sensitisation. This provides a formulative framework for humanewildlife interactions, that is then considered specifically in terms of tourism businesses seeking to provide sustainable visitor interactions with wild animals. A tourism management model derived from this critique of habituation is presented and discussed. Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. may be deployed as a deliberate tourism management strategy in pursuit of cessation of visitor impacts upon focal animals (Nisbet, 2000). These discussions draw upon three sources; thousands of unstructured personal observations on the part of the authors derived from employment as wildlife tour guides in New Zealand; extensive in situ personal observations of humanewildlife encounters in New Zealand including New Zealand’s sub-Antarctic Islands, and Ross Sea Dependency (Antarctica); and key empirical literature (e.g. Bejder, Samuels, Whitehead, Finn, & Allen, 2009; Ellenberg, Mattern, Seddon, & Jorquera, 2006; Johns, 1996; Knight, 2009; Romero & Wikelsi, 2002). The discussions that follow draw upon person observations unless indicated otherwise through reference citation. 2. Ecotourism and wildlife encounters Wildlife viewing, once the domain of dedicated enthusiasts, or ‘specialists’ (Duffus & Dearden, 1990), has moved into the mainstream of commercial tourism (Knight, 2009). With this has come a proliferation and diversification of opportunities to encounter wildlife (Higham, Lusseau, & Hendry, 2008). This course of development has occurred despite an inescapable tension. Knight (2009: p. 167) identifies a fundamental contradiction in wildlife viewing in that “wild animals are generally human-averse; they avoid humans
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ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION OF
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discomfort without proper protectio
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ABOUT BELIZE Research Site: The pro
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FIELD TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS Duri
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SBCRC is s
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HEALTH INFORMATION Routine Immuniza
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• Consult the CDC for immunizatio
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Oil or oil-based repellant (e.g. ol
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Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation
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MINIMUM / MAXIMUM CLASS SIZE: 6-24
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COURSE FEE & ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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Ecology, Behavior & Conservation of
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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FIELD JOURNALS You are required to
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OUR INVESTIGATION Figure 2. G. crut
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction The
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction On a
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction We f
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OUR RESEARCH FINDINGS Introduction
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area on the north part of the islan
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Introduction Our Investigation Befo
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Introduction Sea stars have long be
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INVESTIGATION Introduction Retracti
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Introduction Shells serve as a limi
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Introduction Lunar reproductive rhy
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TRIP SUMMARY SHEET (page 1) Day of
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RECORD OF EFFORT DATA SHEET Event (
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 2
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 4
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Date: Page 2 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
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Sighting Log Continued from Page 1
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2010 VT: Scholar, BANNER, Safe Zone
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presentation to Horn Point Environm
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• Developed and managed education
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LaCommare, Katherine S. November 20
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• Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy,
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B. Ouranos, C. Bursey, and H. Kalb.
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2006. Holy Redeemer Day Camp. Conta
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18 NEWS AND VIEWS By 1995, in respo
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4842 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. are co
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4844 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. templa
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4846 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Fig. 2
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4850 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. mixed
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4852 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Formia
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The Elusive Manatee -- An ethologic
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during the summer months while othe
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polyandrous - often mating with sev
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in the summer. Chessie, a male Flor
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ecords indicate that manatees have
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Florida manatee. National Biologica
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parturition: the action or process
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Manatees on the Belize Barrier Reef
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(a) (b) Manatees on the Belize Barr
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direction, and (e) when ‘travelli
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Season signi cantly aVected mean se
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male travelled at least as far as B
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55. Ontario Fisheries Research Labo
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NEWS OF THE WEEK MEETINGBRIEFS>> 10
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Functional Ecology 2008, 22, 284-28
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286 S. R. Noren Fig. 3. Swimming ki
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288 S. R. Noren Kelly, H.R. (1959)
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630 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 23,
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36 LaCommare et al. to the Drowned
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38 LaCommare et al. Figure 2. Map o
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40 LaCommare et al. points was 0.31
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42 LaCommare et al. may even provid
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172 NOTES Caribbean Journal of Scie
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174 FIG. 1. Drowned Cayes study are
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176 severe event occurred in 1998 (
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Coral Reefs (1997) 16, Suppl.: S23
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Table 1. Caribbean Diadema lore Sou
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Bradbury RH, Seymour RM, Antonelli
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Social Interactions in Captive Fema
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Captive Female Manatee Social Behav
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ut not random. Behaviors were not o
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Community Structure, Population Con
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422 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST the pla
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424 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST sarily
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Environmental Conservation 29 (2):
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194 C.M. Duarte well as more recent
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196 C.M. Duarte atmospheric inputs
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198 C.M. Duarte development (Short
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202 C.M. Duarte detecting losses of
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204 C.M. Duarte Coles, R. & Fortes,
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206 C.M. Duarte Ramos-Esplá, A., M
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$1.2 million (Moore et al. 2009a).
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and positively related to knowledge
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student’s ability to learn facts
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Conservation and Behaviour Richard
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animals may adopt microhabitat choi
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and minimize traffic-induced wildli
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decision rules they use in response
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Gagnon JW, Theimer TC, Dodd NL, Boe
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402 Opinion TRENDS in Ecology and E
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 DOI 10.10
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 47 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 51 the pr
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28
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Figure 1. Map of the Drowned Cayes
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Figure 3. Histogram of number of ma
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a. b. c. Power Power Power 100 80 6
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2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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