2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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Diurnal and Nocturnal Scans Four of the 12 resting holes were selected for systematic diurnal and nocturnal scans during the summers of 2005 and 2006: B1Co, 30 CCo, 31 CLa, and 50 GiCr. Two 30-min scans focused around a fixed survey point were conducted at each site daily, once between 1000 and 1500 h, and again between 1900 and 0000 h (sunset occurred ~1900 h). This survey method is referred to as a point scan (Self-Sullivan et al., 2003; LaCommare et al., 2008). The order in which sites were scanned was randomly chosen by the researcher each day. An 8-m fiberglass boat with an outboard engine was used with observers standing in the boat during the scans. As the scan-point was approached, the boat engine was turned off, a long pole used to pull the boat to the scan-point, and the boat tied to the grounded pole. During each point scan, the research team continuously searched for manatees by performing 180° visual scans from different points on the boat and listening for breaths (for detailed point scan methods, see Bacchus, 2007; Self-Sullivan, 2008). Nocturnal scans were performed in the same manner as diurnal scans, with the addition of spotlights to help sight manatees. Data collected during each point scan included manatee sighting (a sighting was defined as detection of one or more manatees during the 30-min scan), sea and weather conditions, tidal state, sea surface temperature (SST), salinity, and air temperature. Data Analyses All statistics were run in SPSS, Version 13.0, with α = 0.05. Summary statistics were run for resting hole characterizations and data collected during the diurnal and nocturnal scans. The variable “depth” was adjusted to account for tides using predictions from a Belize City tide chart and visually verified via water level marks on the mangrove roots during each scan. The variable “water velocity” was calculated from 5-min rotation counts using the formula provided by General Oceanics: Resting Holes of the Antillean Manatee in Belize 65 (1) where 26,873 is the rotor constant, and 999,999 is the maximum number of rotations divided by 5 min and multiplied by 60 s to obtain cm/s. T-tests were used to test for differences in depth and water velocity between areas with and areas without resting holes. Water velocity was ranked to adjust for unequal variances to meet assumptions of normality. T-tests were also run to analyze SST and salinity between the two years, and between day and night. Log likelihood ratio tests (G 2 ) were run to test for variance in the number of manatee sightings between the two years and between day and night. A step-wise, logistic regression was used to detect any associations between specific habitat factors and manatee sightings. Factors included location, tide, salinity, SST, day/night, and year. Results Characterization of Resting Holes There was a significant difference in water depth between resting holes and scan-points without resting holes (t(15) = 4.541, p < 0.001) with a mean difference of 1.5 ± 0.32 m. Mean water depth for resting holes was 3.5 ± 0.30 m (n = 12; range: 2.0 to 5.2 m) compared with non-resting hole areas with a mean depth of 2.0 ± 0.12 m (n = 20; range: 1.4 to 3.3 m) (Table 1). Mean surface water velocity for resting holes was 0.89 ± 0.51 cm/s (n = 10; range: 0 to 5.20 cm/s). Non-resting hole areas had a mean surface water velocity of 4.26 ± 1.14 cm/s (n = 20; range: 0.01 to <strong>17</strong>.12 cm/s) (Table 1). These represent a significant difference in surface water velocity between resting holes and areas without resting holes (t(28) = -2.880, p = 0.008). All of the holes characterized had little or no bottom vegetation. The substrate in and around the resting holes tended to be a silty mixture of mud and sand, which was easily compressed and resuspended. Sparse to abundant vegetation was found proximal to resting holes, usually consisting of shoal grass (Halodule sp.), macro algae (Halimeda and Penicillus sp.), and/or turtle grass. One of the resting holes also had a visible “manatee highway” to and from the hole where manatees swim or paddle along the bottom with their forelimbs and/or torso in contact with the seafloor. This deeper, narrow channel started at the entrance of the small cove containing the resting hole near the mangroves and followed a straight path to the deepest part of the resting hole. Diurnal and Nocturnal Scans A total of 168 scans were conducted at four resting hole sites during the summer of 2005 (n = 81) and the summer of 2006 (n = 87). Manatees were sighted during 39 scans—26 times in 2005 and 13 times in 2006 (Figure 2)—representing a significant difference in the number of sightings at these four sites between years (G 2 (1) = 7.01, p < 0.01). Table 2 shows that SST and salinity were significantly different for these four points between years (SST: t(158) = 3.292, p = 0.001; salinity: t(166) = 20.629, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in air temperature between years.
66 Bacchus et al. Table 1. Descriptive statistics of environmental characteristics of areas without and with resting holes; means are reported with ± 1 SE. There were 107 day scans and 61 night scans over both summers, with 34 day sightings and 5 night sightings (Figure 3), resulting in a significant difference in the number of manatee sightings between day and night (G 2 (1) = 13.68, p < 0.001). Table 3 shows that both sea surface and air temperatures were significantly different between day and night, although surface salinity was not significantly different between day and night. A forward, step-wise logistic regression was conducted to determine which independent variables Non-resting hole sites Resting hole sites N Min Max Mean ± SE N Min Max Mean ± SE Significance Depth (m) 20 1.4 3.3 2.0 ± 0.12 12 2.0 5.2 3.5 ± 0.30
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ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION OF
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discomfort without proper protectio
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ABOUT BELIZE Research Site: The pro
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FIELD TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS Duri
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SBCRC is s
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HEALTH INFORMATION Routine Immuniza
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• Consult the CDC for immunizatio
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Oil or oil-based repellant (e.g. ol
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Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation
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MINIMUM / MAXIMUM CLASS SIZE: 6-24
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COURSE FEE & ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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Ecology, Behavior & Conservation of
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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FIELD JOURNALS You are required to
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OUR INVESTIGATION Figure 2. G. crut
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction The
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction On a
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Method We selected a patch reef loc
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction We f
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OUR RESEARCH FINDINGS Introduction
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area on the north part of the islan
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Introduction Our Investigation Befo
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Introduction Sea stars have long be
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INVESTIGATION Introduction Retracti
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Introduction Shells serve as a limi
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Introduction Lunar reproductive rhy
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TRIP SUMMARY SHEET (page 1) Day of
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RECORD OF EFFORT DATA SHEET Event (
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 2
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 4
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Date: Page 2 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
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Date: Page 4 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
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Sighting Log Continued from Page 1
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2010 VT: Scholar, BANNER, Safe Zone
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presentation to Horn Point Environm
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• Developed and managed education
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LaCommare, Katherine S. November 20
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• Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy,
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B. Ouranos, C. Bursey, and H. Kalb.
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2006. Holy Redeemer Day Camp. Conta
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18 NEWS AND VIEWS By 1995, in respo
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4850 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. mixed
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The Elusive Manatee -- An ethologic
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during the summer months while othe
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polyandrous - often mating with sev
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in the summer. Chessie, a male Flor
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ecords indicate that manatees have
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Florida manatee. National Biologica
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parturition: the action or process
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Manatees on the Belize Barrier Reef
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(a) (b) Manatees on the Belize Barr
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direction, and (e) when ‘travelli
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Season signi cantly aVected mean se
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male travelled at least as far as B
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NEWS OF THE WEEK MEETINGBRIEFS>> 10
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Functional Ecology 2008, 22, 284-28
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288 S. R. Noren Kelly, H.R. (1959)
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114 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE. VOL. 15.
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36 LaCommare et al. to the Drowned
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40 LaCommare et al. points was 0.31
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42 LaCommare et al. may even provid
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172 NOTES Caribbean Journal of Scie
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174 FIG. 1. Drowned Cayes study are
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176 severe event occurred in 1998 (
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Coral Reefs (1997) 16, Suppl.: S23
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Table 1. Caribbean Diadema lore Sou
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Bradbury RH, Seymour RM, Antonelli
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Social Interactions in Captive Fema
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Captive Female Manatee Social Behav
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ut not random. Behaviors were not o
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Community Structure, Population Con
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422 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST the pla
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424 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST sarily
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Environmental Conservation 29 (2):
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The Journal of Experimental Biology
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Fig. 1. Rescue locations of manatee
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The present study is the first to c
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a. b. c. Power Power Power 100 80 6
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2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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