2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

More documents

Recommendations

Info

MA”: BEHAVIORAL SAMPLING METHODS 121 APPENDIX 1 I conducted a search of the Science Citation Index (Institute for Scientific Infor- mation, Inc., 1996) using all 39 cetacean genera for keywords. The search yielded 846 studies. To determine whether the study focused on cetacean behavior in the wild, each title was examined for keywords: behavior, acoustics, observations, field, captive, wild, and a description of the geographic location. The 846 studies were classified according to 14 subjects (e.g., molecular, neurophysiological, conservation, behavior); many studies received more than one classification. Of the total, 125 studies (14.8%) in 28 journals focused on cetacean behavior (n = 106) or vocalizations (n = 19) in the wild. Studies that appeared to focus strictly on population assessment (e.g., aerial counts) were not classified as behavioral studies. CJZ and MMS published 60% of the studies. The next most popular journal for cetacean behavior studies was the Journal ofMam- malogy, which published only 5% (n = 6). Thus, CJZ and MMS clearly represent the majority of relevant peer-reviewed publications in the Science Citation Index (SCI) and were chosen for in-depth analysis for this reason. Based on a comparison of Impact Factors (Impact Factor = the average number of times a paper in a journal is cited in the Science Citation Index within two years of publication), MMS and CJZ represent mid-level quality in research. Approximately an equal number of cetacean studies ranked above (n = 21) and below (n = 22) MMS and CJZ, with six studies (published in the Journal of Mammalogy) ranking the same as CJZ and one study ranking below CJZ but above MMS. Because the SCI search may have missed studies that did not use genera for keywords, I surveyed all issues of CJZ and MMS for all studies of free-ranging cetacean behavior and vocalizations published during 1989-1995. The SCI search by genera did not miss any studies, but one CJZ study I classified as a “behavior study” from the title was excluded from the review because the article’s content did not include behavior or vocalizations. The basic unit of analysis was one published article. Of 144 authors, 21 (14.6%) published more than one study. Of these, 14 published two studies, six published between three and five studies and one researcher authored or co-authored nine studies (using five different sampling methods). Species studied-Twenty-four cetacean species were studied in the 74 papers I reviewed. Studies of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) were the most common (24%), followed by those of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus, 16%), and killer whales (Orcinus orca, 16%). Bottlenose dolphins (TurJiops truncatus) were represented in 9% of the studies. Bowhead (Balaena mysticetus) and gray whales (Eschrictius robustus) were each represented in 5% of the studies. Narwhals (Monodon monoceros), Bryde’s whales (Balaenoptera edeni) and belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) were each represented in 4% of the studies. Seven studies included more than one species. Of the 15 remaining species, only one or two studies were published on each. Age and sex classes sampled-Twenty studies focused on animals of a particular age or sex class. Otherwise, observers either did not know the ages or sexes of animals, or they observed animals of all ages and both sexes. No studies made quantitative com- parisons between age or sex classes. Number of animals sampled-The range of animals sampled was one to >1,000. Typically, researchers reported the number of animals that they surveyed or identified but not how many animals were observed or sampled. In 45% of the studies, the number of animals identified and/or sampled could not be determined. When groups of animals were sampled (e.g., in surveys or group-follows), 59% of the time (n=44 studies) I could not distinguish between how many animals were individually identified and how many were actually observed. Individual identifiation-In 66% (n = 49) of the studies, researchers could identify individual animals. In 34% (n = 25), individual animals were not identified, although in about half of those (48%, n = 12), physical features of the species and reference to
122 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 15, NO. 1, 1999 other studies indicated that individual identification was possible. In all studies that could identify individuals, rates of individual behavior or vocalizations were not reported unless the study involved only one or two animals (n = 3 studies). Observationirecording hours-Twenty-eight studies (38%) did not report how much time was spent observing or recording behavior. Some of these studies reported the hours spent at sea, but this information is only useful (as an indicator of sighting effort) when observation hours are also presented. Sixty-two percent of the studies reported the number of surveys conducted or the number of hours spent observing animals. Only four studies treated each subject, rather than each observation, as in- dependent for behavioral analysis. Group definitions and group size-Definition of “group” is essential to assess the va- lidity of behavioral sampling from groups. I indicated whether or not “group” was defined, and if it was defined, I noted the definition. Group-size definition was not relevant in nineteen studies (e.g., only one animal was studied). For 55 studies (surveys, group-follows, anecdotes), groups of animals were observed. In 42 of these (76%), researchers did not define “group.” If group was defined (n = 13), proximity-based measures (e.g., within 10 m) or coordinated behavior (all visible animals engaged in the same activity) were the two most common definitions of group. Group-size means or ranges (minimum and maximum group size) were reported in 38 studies. Seventeen studies did not report group size information. Types of behavior and vocalizations recordd-Behaviors recorded in each study were classified as breathing (14%), diving (30%), resting (24%), surface displays (8%), so- cializing (30%), feeding or foraging (43%), traveling (27%), or “other.” Association (proportion of time animals together) was recorded in 22% of the studies and vocalizations were recorded in 38%. “Other” included births (1%) or other unusual events (16%). Over half of the studies (57%) provided definitions for one or more of the behaviors recorded. Studies were classified according to the behaviors that researchers recorded, not which data were analyzed. If an ethogram was given, this was noted. No studies reported measures of inter-observer or intra-observer reliability. Sound recording was used either to find or track whales or to describe the vocal repertoire of a species, group, or individual. Of the 29 papers that recorded dolphin or whale vocalizations, 28% identified species-specific repertoires or group-specific repertoires. In one study, species-typical vocalizations were monitored to test for the pres- ence of the species. Identification of individual repertoires within groups was limited to anecdotes, but one study used passive acoustic localization to identify which animal was likely to be vocalizing. Fourteen percent of the studies that recorded cetacean vocalizations calculated vocalization rates for groups of animals but not for individuals. Solitary individuals were acoustically recorded for portions of one study. All 74 studies were classified according to sampling method: ad libitum, continuous, focal-group, one-zero, point, scan, predominant activity, sequence, and incident sampling. If a study used more than one sampling method (six studies), both were scored. The results of these classifications are reported in the main text.
Page 1 and 2:
ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION OF
Page 3 and 4:
discomfort without proper protectio
Page 5 and 6:
ABOUT BELIZE Research Site: The pro
Page 7 and 8:
FIELD TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS Duri
Page 9 and 10:
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SBCRC is s
Page 11 and 12:
HEALTH INFORMATION Routine Immuniza
Page 13 and 14:
• Consult the CDC for immunizatio
Page 15 and 16:
Oil or oil-based repellant (e.g. ol
Page 17 and 18:
Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation
Page 19 and 20:
MINIMUM / MAXIMUM CLASS SIZE: 6-24
Page 21 and 22:
COURSE FEE & ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Page 23 and 24:
Ecology, Behavior & Conservation of
Page 25 and 26:
2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
Page 27 and 28:
2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
Page 29 and 30:
FIELD JOURNALS You are required to
Page 31 and 32:
OUR INVESTIGATION Figure 2. G. crut
Page 33 and 34:
OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction The
Page 35 and 36:
OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction On a
Page 37 and 38:
Method We selected a patch reef loc
Page 39 and 40:
139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147
Page 41 and 42:
OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction We f
Page 43 and 44:
OUR RESEARCH FINDINGS Introduction
Page 45 and 46:
area on the north part of the islan
Page 47 and 48:
Introduction Our Investigation Befo
Page 49 and 50:
Introduction Sea stars have long be
Page 51 and 52:
INVESTIGATION Introduction Retracti
Page 53 and 54:
Introduction Shells serve as a limi
Page 55 and 56:
Introduction Lunar reproductive rhy
Page 57 and 58:
TRIP SUMMARY SHEET (page 1) Day of
Page 59 and 60:
RECORD OF EFFORT DATA SHEET Event (
Page 61 and 62:
MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 2
Page 63 and 64:
MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 4
Page 65 and 66:
Date: Page 2 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
Page 67 and 68:
Date: Page 4 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
Page 69 and 70:
Sighting Log Continued from Page 1
Page 71 and 72:
2010 VT: Scholar, BANNER, Safe Zone
Page 73 and 74:
presentation to Horn Point Environm
Page 75 and 76:
• Developed and managed education
Page 77 and 78:
LaCommare, Katherine S. November 20
Page 79 and 80:
• Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy,
Page 81 and 82:
B. Ouranos, C. Bursey, and H. Kalb.
Page 83 and 84:
2006. Holy Redeemer Day Camp. Conta
Page 85 and 86:
18 NEWS AND VIEWS By 1995, in respo
Page 87 and 88:
4842 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. are co
Page 89 and 90:
4844 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. templa
Page 91 and 92:
4846 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Fig. 2
Page 93 and 94:
4848 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Fig. 4
Page 95 and 96:
4850 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. mixed
Page 97 and 98:
4852 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Formia
Page 99 and 100:
The Elusive Manatee -- An ethologic
Page 101 and 102:
during the summer months while othe
Page 103 and 104:
polyandrous - often mating with sev
Page 105 and 106:
in the summer. Chessie, a male Flor
Page 107 and 108:
ecords indicate that manatees have
Page 109 and 110:
Florida manatee. National Biologica
Page 111 and 112:
parturition: the action or process
Page 113 and 114:
Manatees on the Belize Barrier Reef
Page 115 and 116:
(a) (b) Manatees on the Belize Barr
Page 117 and 118:
direction, and (e) when ‘travelli
Page 119 and 120:
Season signi cantly aVected mean se
Page 121 and 122: male travelled at least as far as B
Page 123 and 124: 55. Ontario Fisheries Research Labo
Page 125 and 126: NEWS OF THE WEEK MEETINGBRIEFS>> 10
Page 127 and 128: Functional Ecology 2008, 22, 284-28
Page 129 and 130: 286 S. R. Noren Fig. 3. Swimming ki
Page 131 and 132: 288 S. R. Noren Kelly, H.R. (1959)
Page 133 and 134: 630 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 23,
Page 153 and 154: MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 15(1): 102-1
Page 155 and 156: 104 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 15.
Page 165 and 166: 114 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE. VOL. 15.
Page 169 and 170: 118 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE. VOL. 15.
Page 171: 120 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 15,
Page 175 and 176: 36 LaCommare et al. to the Drowned
Page 177 and 178: 38 LaCommare et al. Figure 2. Map o
Page 179 and 180: 40 LaCommare et al. points was 0.31
Page 181 and 182: 42 LaCommare et al. may even provid
Page 183 and 184: 172 NOTES Caribbean Journal of Scie
Page 185 and 186: 174 FIG. 1. Drowned Cayes study are
Page 187 and 188: 176 severe event occurred in 1998 (
Page 189 and 190: Coral Reefs (1997) 16, Suppl.: S23
Page 191 and 192: Table 1. Caribbean Diadema lore Sou
Page 193 and 194: Table 2. Historical accounts of the
Page 195 and 196: Table 3. Excerpts from Ernest F. Th
Page 197 and 198: Bradbury RH, Seymour RM, Antonelli
Page 199 and 200: Social Interactions in Captive Fema
Page 201 and 202: Captive Female Manatee Social Behav
Page 207 and 208: ut not random. Behaviors were not o
Page 209 and 210: Community Structure, Population Con
Page 211 and 212: 422 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST the pla
Page 213 and 214: 424 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST sarily
Page 220 and 221: Environmental Conservation 29 (2):
Page 222 and 223:
194 C.M. Duarte well as more recent
Page 224 and 225:
196 C.M. Duarte atmospheric inputs
Page 226 and 227:
198 C.M. Duarte development (Short
Page 228 and 229:
200 C.M. Duarte POTENTIAL STATUS IN
Page 230 and 231:
202 C.M. Duarte detecting losses of
Page 232 and 233:
204 C.M. Duarte Coles, R. & Fortes,
Page 234 and 235:
206 C.M. Duarte Ramos-Esplá, A., M
Page 236 and 237:
$1.2 million (Moore et al. 2009a).
Page 238 and 239:
and positively related to knowledge
Page 240 and 241:
student’s ability to learn facts
Page 242 and 243:
Conservation and Behaviour Richard
Page 244 and 245:
animals may adopt microhabitat choi
Page 246 and 247:
and minimize traffic-induced wildli
Page 248 and 249:
decision rules they use in response
Page 250 and 251:
Gagnon JW, Theimer TC, Dodd NL, Boe
Page 252 and 253:
402 Opinion TRENDS in Ecology and E
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 DOI 10.10
Page 260 and 261:
Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 45 Fig. 1
Page 262 and 263:
Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 47 Table
Page 264 and 265:
Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 49 Table
Page 266 and 267:
Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 51 the pr
Page 268 and 269:
Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 53 L, Rei
Page 270 and 271:
(Halodule wrightii and Syringodium
Page 272 and 273:
Diurnal and Nocturnal Scans Four of
Page 274 and 275:
Figure 3. The number of scans (whit
Page 276 and 277:
in 2006. Although this difference i
Page 278 and 279:
manatus in Costa Rica. Biological C
Page 280 and 281:
574 D. J. Semeyn et al. and natural
Page 282 and 283:
576 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 1 Refe
Page 284 and 285:
578 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 3 Refe
Page 286 and 287:
580 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 4 Kern
Page 288 and 289:
582 D. J. Semeyn et al. biologists
Page 290 and 291:
Intraspecific and geographic variat
Page 292 and 293:
III. RESULTS Manatees in Florida an
Page 294 and 295:
Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 DOI 10.
Page 296 and 297:
Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 835 dur
Page 298 and 299:
Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 837 Tab
Page 300 and 301:
Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 839 Man
Page 302 and 303:
Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 841 edu
Page 304 and 305:
Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 DOI 10.1
Page 306 and 307:
Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 797 was
Page 308 and 309:
Low genetic variation and evidence
Page 310 and 311:
Reduced Belize manatee dispersal an
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
and respond to human encounters by
Page 322 and 323:
tourist vessels are present, and th
Page 324 and 325:
that approach behaviour may be habi
Page 326 and 327:
to structure almost completely the
Page 328 and 329:
MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 27(3): 606-6
Page 330 and 331:
608 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 27,
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Journal of Zoology The lesser of tw
Page 346 and 347:
E. M. Arraut et al. & Sparks, 1989)
Page 348 and 349:
E. M. Arraut et al. Frequent cloud
Page 350 and 351:
E. M. Arraut et al. rising-water we
Page 352 and 353:
E. M. Arraut et al. (Link, 1795) an
Page 354 and 355:
The Journal of Experimental Biology
Page 356 and 357:
Fig. 1. Rescue locations of manatee
Page 358 and 359:
The present study is the first to c
Page 360 and 361:
Bearhop, S., Waldron, S., Votier, S
Page 362 and 363:
1  2  3  4  5  6  7 
Page 364 and 365:
46  47  48  49  50  51 
Page 366 and 367:
89  90  91  92  93  94 
Page 368 and 369:
134  135  136  137  138 
Page 370 and 371:
176  177  178  179  180 
Page 372 and 373:
218  219  220  221  222 
Page 374 and 375:
262  263  264  265  266 
Page 376 and 377:
308  309  310  311  312 
Page 378 and 379:
354  355  356  357  358 
Page 380 and 381:
402  403  404  405  406 
Page 382 and 383:
436  437  438  439  440 
Page 384 and 385:
494  495  496  497  498 
Page 386 and 387:
Table 1. Results from the GLM relat
Page 388 and 389:
28
Page 390 and 391:
Figure 1. Map of the Drowned Cayes
Page 392 and 393:
Figure 3. Histogram of number of ma
Page 394 and 395:
a. b. c. Power Power Power 100 80 6
show all

2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?