2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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MIKSIS-OLDS ET AL.: SIMULATED VESSEL APPROACHES 637 logistical constraints of the study design, this impact could not be addressed. Additional tests with stimuli simulating a rapid change in either direction or speed during the approach would provide valuable information that this study design was unable to offer. During playback experiments, the focal animal (occurring as a single animal or in a pair) was observed for a minimum of 20 min before and after the exposure of the playback stimuli. Primary observers were blind to the stimulus presentation, as the transducer and observer were on opposite sides of the boat and the background noise in the boat masked the in-air component of the playback stimulus, which was audible at the amplifier. During this time the subject was either identified from previously catalogued animals or photographed for later identification. Playbacks were only conducted if no other animals were detected within visual range during the 20-min pre-exposure period. Pre- and poststimulus observation included 4-min interval sampling of focal animal course, heading, distance to boat, and behavioral state. Ventilation and vocalization rates were recorded continuously. Vocalization rates were not analyzed, however, because the transducer was on the same vessel as the recording hydrophone, and the playback saturated the hydrophone recording rendering the manatee vocalizations inaudible. Saturated vocalization recordings during the playback sessions did not allow for uninterrupted vocalization rate analysis. If the animals left the area during the pre-exposure period or during exposure to the playback stimuli, they were not followed. Five minutes prior to the playback of any stimulus, the research vessel was anchored within 25 m of the focal animal and the sound source was deployed. An Aiwa model XP-V516C compact disc player connected to a Rockwood Detonator AMP-400 CRX amplifier delivered sound to a Lubell 9162 transducer, which projected the playback stimuli. This system was capable of producing a source level of approximately 190 dB re 1 Pa at 1 m in the frequency range of 240 Hz to 20 kHz. Response due to multiple boat interactions was avoided by only performing a playback when no other vessel had entered a 1-km radius for a 15-min period prior to the start of playback session. Each playback session consisted of four playback stimulus presentations presented 5 min apart. The 5-min stimulus presentation was chosen based on the knowledge that bottlenose dolphins in Sarasota Bay encounter a passing vessel every 6 min (Buckstaff 2004). Manatees would experience a similar or shorter interval between boat encounters depending upon the number of recreational vessels in the area at any particular time. One stimulus from each of the four categories (control, idle, plane, PWC) was presented in random order. If the focal animal moved outside of a 25-m radius before the presentation of the last stimulus, the research vessel re-anchored closer to the animal, and the remaining playback stimuli were presented followed by a 20-min poststimulus observation period. In an effort to reduce pseudoreplication, no manatee was a playback subject more than twice, and no animal ever received the same exemplar more than once (Table 2). During the playback session, observations included point sampling of focal animal course, heading, distance to boat, ventilation, and behavior at the time of each surfacing. Visually observed responses to the playback stimuli generally fell into four categories: (1) investigate boat, (2) slow swim, (3) rolling dive, and (4) fast swim. Animals investigating the boat swam directly to the boat and interacted with it in some way. Slow swims were characterized by the animals changing position relative to the playback vessel without any visible wake or fluke prints. Rolling dives were identified by the arching of the manatee’s back and entire fluke leaving the water prior to a dive. Fast swims were characterized by a visible wake and strong fluke prints, often
638 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 23, NO. 3, 2007 Table 2. Summary of playback subjects, stimulus sequence, and response. In the “age” and “group composition” categories, A indicates adult, SA indicates subadult, C indicates calf Number Group Stimulus 1 Stimulus 2 Stimulus 3 Stimulus 4 Session Date ID Age in Group composition Response Response Response Response 1 4 June 2004 Snuff A 2 A, A C Idle2 PWC4 — (SB047) None None FS, LA — 2 10 June 2004 Phish LA A 1 Plane2 C Idle2 PWC2 SS None SS RD 3 15 June 2004 Phish A 1 PWC2 Plane1 Idle2 C SS None None None 4 21 June 2004 DU723 A 2 A, C Plane2 Idle2 C PWC1 SS None None FS 5 23 June 2004 623BB A 2 A, A C Idle1 Plane1 PWC3 None SS FS FS, LA 6 25 June 2004 625A A 2 A, C PWC4 Idle2 Plane2 C FS SS SS None 7 28 June 2004 628A A 2 A, C PWC1 C Plane1 Idle1 FS SS RD None 8 1 July 2004 DU723 A 2 A, C C Idle1 PWC2 Plane1 None SS FS SS 9 6 July 2004 706AA SA 1 PWC4 Idle1 C Plane1 RD None None None 10 21 July 2004 721A A 2 A, C Idle1 Plane2 C PWC1 None None None FS, LA
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ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION OF
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discomfort without proper protectio
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ABOUT BELIZE Research Site: The pro
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FIELD TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS Duri
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SBCRC is s
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HEALTH INFORMATION Routine Immuniza
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• Consult the CDC for immunizatio
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Oil or oil-based repellant (e.g. ol
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Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation
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MINIMUM / MAXIMUM CLASS SIZE: 6-24
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COURSE FEE & ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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Ecology, Behavior & Conservation of
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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FIELD JOURNALS You are required to
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OUR INVESTIGATION Figure 2. G. crut
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction The
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction On a
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Method We selected a patch reef loc
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction We f
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OUR RESEARCH FINDINGS Introduction
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area on the north part of the islan
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Introduction Our Investigation Befo
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Introduction Sea stars have long be
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INVESTIGATION Introduction Retracti
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Introduction Shells serve as a limi
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Introduction Lunar reproductive rhy
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TRIP SUMMARY SHEET (page 1) Day of
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RECORD OF EFFORT DATA SHEET Event (
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 2
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 4
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Date: Page 2 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
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Date: Page 4 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
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Sighting Log Continued from Page 1
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2010 VT: Scholar, BANNER, Safe Zone
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presentation to Horn Point Environm
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• Developed and managed education
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LaCommare, Katherine S. November 20
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• Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy,
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B. Ouranos, C. Bursey, and H. Kalb.
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2006. Holy Redeemer Day Camp. Conta
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18 NEWS AND VIEWS By 1995, in respo
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4842 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. are co
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Table 1. Caribbean Diadema lore Sou
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Table 2. Historical accounts of the
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Table 3. Excerpts from Ernest F. Th
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Bradbury RH, Seymour RM, Antonelli
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Social Interactions in Captive Fema
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Captive Female Manatee Social Behav
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ut not random. Behaviors were not o
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Community Structure, Population Con
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422 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST the pla
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424 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST sarily
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Environmental Conservation 29 (2):
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194 C.M. Duarte well as more recent
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196 C.M. Duarte atmospheric inputs
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198 C.M. Duarte development (Short
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200 C.M. Duarte POTENTIAL STATUS IN
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202 C.M. Duarte detecting losses of
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204 C.M. Duarte Coles, R. & Fortes,
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206 C.M. Duarte Ramos-Esplá, A., M
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$1.2 million (Moore et al. 2009a).
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and positively related to knowledge
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student’s ability to learn facts
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Conservation and Behaviour Richard
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animals may adopt microhabitat choi
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and minimize traffic-induced wildli
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decision rules they use in response
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Gagnon JW, Theimer TC, Dodd NL, Boe
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402 Opinion TRENDS in Ecology and E
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 DOI 10.10
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 45 Fig. 1
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 47 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 49 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 51 the pr
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 53 L, Rei
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(Halodule wrightii and Syringodium
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Diurnal and Nocturnal Scans Four of
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Figure 3. The number of scans (whit
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in 2006. Although this difference i
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manatus in Costa Rica. Biological C
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574 D. J. Semeyn et al. and natural
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576 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 1 Refe
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578 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 3 Refe
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580 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 4 Kern
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582 D. J. Semeyn et al. biologists
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Intraspecific and geographic variat
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III. RESULTS Manatees in Florida an
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 DOI 10.
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 835 dur
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 837 Tab
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 839 Man
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 841 edu
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 DOI 10.1
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 797 was
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Low genetic variation and evidence
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Reduced Belize manatee dispersal an
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and respond to human encounters by
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tourist vessels are present, and th
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that approach behaviour may be habi
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to structure almost completely the
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Journal of Zoology The lesser of tw
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E. M. Arraut et al. & Sparks, 1989)
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E. M. Arraut et al. Frequent cloud
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E. M. Arraut et al. rising-water we
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E. M. Arraut et al. (Link, 1795) an
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The Journal of Experimental Biology
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Fig. 1. Rescue locations of manatee
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The present study is the first to c
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Bearhop, S., Waldron, S., Votier, S
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Table 1. Results from the GLM relat
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Figure 1. Map of the Drowned Cayes
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a. b. c. Power Power Power 100 80 6
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2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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