2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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308  309  310  311  312  313  314  315  316  317  318  319  320  321  322  323  324  325  326  327  328  329  330  number of manatees spotted. Volunteers are easily distracted by each other during long scan periods and survey days and do not have the same level of focus as trained observers. This can easily be minimized in the future by limiting the number of volunteers present during surveys. We do not know the relationship of our index to actual abundance. It is an index of relative abundance that can be used to detect trends. Index validation, by comparing the number of manatees counted via boat surveys to the number counted during concurrent, localized aerial surveys, could provide an indication of the relationship between boat counts and aerial survey counts which could help determine bias and thus the relationship of our index to actual abundance. Aerial surveys were conducted along the entire Belizean coastline, including the Drowned Cayes, from 1997 – 2002 (Auil, 2004). These surveys overlapped with our boat surveys in 2000 - 2002, but were only conducted once during the wet and once during the dry season and did not directly correspond to our survey effort and unfortunately, are not useful for evaluating bias of our method. It is interesting to note that the trends of Auil’s (2004) index of relative abundance from 2000-2002 mirrors our trends across those same years. There was a very slight negative trend in the data, but this trend was not significant. Our analysis indicates that we would have only had a 4%, 9% and 22% power to detect slight, moderate or precipitous declines after 7 years – our study duration. Even slight negative trends can be important for small populations which can be impacted by stochastic events or behavioral biology that can drive small populations to extinction (Meffe and Carroll 1997) or prevent these populations from recovering (Meffe and Carroll 1997). The Antillean subspecies of the West Indian Manatee is currently listed as endangered on the 16
331  332  333  334  335  336  337  338  339  340  341  342  343  344  345  346  347  348  349  350  351  352  353  IUCN Red List because it is a small and declining population without ongoing, effective conservation actions (Self Sullivan et al. 2011). These data provide confirmation of the appropriateness of the current IUCN status and highlight the need to improve our ability to establish the magnitude of decline. Extending our study to 15 years considerably improves our ability to detect a population trend. Over a study duration of 15 years, we would still have a limited ability to detect slight and moderate declines, but our index and protocol can detect precipitous declines within the benchmarks established in the Marine Mammal Protection Act, the IUCN Red List (Taylor et al 2007) and other publications. Taylor et al. (2007) defined a precipitous decline in marine mammal abundance as a 50 percent decline after 15 years because a 50% decline over this period would result in a stock being classified as “depleted” under the MMPA. Under the IUCN Red List guidelines, a decline of this magnitude could result in a status designation anywhere between “vulnerable” to “endangered” depending on initial population size, cause, certainty and the reversibility of the decline (IUCN 2010). IUCN Red List guidelines establish level of endangerment – nearly threatened to critically endangered – based on declines of 10 – 90% over 10 years or 3 generations (whichever is longer), depending on initial population size, cause, certainty and the reversibility of the decline (IUCN 2010). Bart et al. (2004) recommended a standard for landbird surveys of an 80% power to detect a 50% decline over 20 years. Similarly, Hatch (2003) recommended a standard for counts of colonial seabirds of a 90% power to detect a 50% decline over 10 years. Using this sampling regime over a 15 year time interval, we would have a power of 11%, 51% and 100% to detect slight, moderate or precipitous declines. All of our survey protocols had 100% power to detect 50% declines 17
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ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION OF
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discomfort without proper protectio
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ABOUT BELIZE Research Site: The pro
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FIELD TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS Duri
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SBCRC is s
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HEALTH INFORMATION Routine Immuniza
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• Consult the CDC for immunizatio
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Oil or oil-based repellant (e.g. ol
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Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation
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MINIMUM / MAXIMUM CLASS SIZE: 6-24
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COURSE FEE & ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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Ecology, Behavior & Conservation of
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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FIELD JOURNALS You are required to
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OUR INVESTIGATION Figure 2. G. crut
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction The
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction On a
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Method We selected a patch reef loc
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction We f
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OUR RESEARCH FINDINGS Introduction
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area on the north part of the islan
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Introduction Our Investigation Befo
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Introduction Sea stars have long be
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INVESTIGATION Introduction Retracti
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Introduction Shells serve as a limi
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Introduction Lunar reproductive rhy
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TRIP SUMMARY SHEET (page 1) Day of
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RECORD OF EFFORT DATA SHEET Event (
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 2
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 4
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Date: Page 2 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
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Date: Page 4 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
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Sighting Log Continued from Page 1
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2010 VT: Scholar, BANNER, Safe Zone
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presentation to Horn Point Environm
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• Developed and managed education
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LaCommare, Katherine S. November 20
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• Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy,
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B. Ouranos, C. Bursey, and H. Kalb.
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2006. Holy Redeemer Day Camp. Conta
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18 NEWS AND VIEWS By 1995, in respo
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4842 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. are co
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4844 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. templa
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4846 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Fig. 2
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4848 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Fig. 4
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4850 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. mixed
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4852 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Formia
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The Elusive Manatee -- An ethologic
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during the summer months while othe
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polyandrous - often mating with sev
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in the summer. Chessie, a male Flor
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ecords indicate that manatees have
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Florida manatee. National Biologica
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parturition: the action or process
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Manatees on the Belize Barrier Reef
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(a) (b) Manatees on the Belize Barr
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direction, and (e) when ‘travelli
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Season signi cantly aVected mean se
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male travelled at least as far as B
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55. Ontario Fisheries Research Labo
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NEWS OF THE WEEK MEETINGBRIEFS>> 10
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Functional Ecology 2008, 22, 284-28
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286 S. R. Noren Fig. 3. Swimming ki
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288 S. R. Noren Kelly, H.R. (1959)
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630 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 23,
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MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 15(1): 102-1
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104 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 15.
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114 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE. VOL. 15.
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118 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE. VOL. 15.
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36 LaCommare et al. to the Drowned
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38 LaCommare et al. Figure 2. Map o
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40 LaCommare et al. points was 0.31
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42 LaCommare et al. may even provid
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172 NOTES Caribbean Journal of Scie
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174 FIG. 1. Drowned Cayes study are
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176 severe event occurred in 1998 (
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Coral Reefs (1997) 16, Suppl.: S23
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Table 1. Caribbean Diadema lore Sou
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Table 2. Historical accounts of the
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Table 3. Excerpts from Ernest F. Th
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Bradbury RH, Seymour RM, Antonelli
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Social Interactions in Captive Fema
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Captive Female Manatee Social Behav
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ut not random. Behaviors were not o
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Community Structure, Population Con
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422 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST the pla
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424 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST sarily
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Environmental Conservation 29 (2):
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194 C.M. Duarte well as more recent
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196 C.M. Duarte atmospheric inputs
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198 C.M. Duarte development (Short
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200 C.M. Duarte POTENTIAL STATUS IN
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202 C.M. Duarte detecting losses of
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204 C.M. Duarte Coles, R. & Fortes,
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206 C.M. Duarte Ramos-Esplá, A., M
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$1.2 million (Moore et al. 2009a).
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and positively related to knowledge
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student’s ability to learn facts
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Conservation and Behaviour Richard
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animals may adopt microhabitat choi
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and minimize traffic-induced wildli
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decision rules they use in response
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Gagnon JW, Theimer TC, Dodd NL, Boe
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402 Opinion TRENDS in Ecology and E
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 DOI 10.10
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 45 Fig. 1
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 47 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 49 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 51 the pr
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 53 L, Rei
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(Halodule wrightii and Syringodium
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Diurnal and Nocturnal Scans Four of
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Figure 3. The number of scans (whit
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in 2006. Although this difference i
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manatus in Costa Rica. Biological C
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574 D. J. Semeyn et al. and natural
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576 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 1 Refe
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578 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 3 Refe
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580 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 4 Kern
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582 D. J. Semeyn et al. biologists
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Intraspecific and geographic variat
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III. RESULTS Manatees in Florida an
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 DOI 10.
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 835 dur
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 837 Tab
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 839 Man
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 841 edu
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 DOI 10.1
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 797 was
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Low genetic variation and evidence
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Reduced Belize manatee dispersal an
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and respond to human encounters by
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tourist vessels are present, and th
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that approach behaviour may be habi
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2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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