2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 23(3): 629<strong>–</strong>649 (July 2007) C○ 2007 by the Society for Marine Mammalogy DOI: 10.1111/j.<strong>17</strong>48-7692.2007.00133.x SIMULATED VESSEL APPROACHES ELICIT DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES FROM MANATEES JENNIFER L. MIKSIS-OLDS 1 PERCY L. DONAGHAY Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, U.S.A. E-mail: jmiksis@gso.uri.edu JAMES H. MILLER Department of Ocean Engineering and Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, U.S.A. PETER L. TYACK Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, U.S.A. JOHN E. REYNOLDS, III Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, Florida 34236, U.S.A. ABSTRACT One of the most pressing concerns associated with conservation of the endangered Florida manatee is mortality and serious injury due to collisions with watercraft. Watercraft collisions are the leading identified cause of manatee mortality, averaging 25% and reaching 31% of deaths each year. The successful establishment and management of protected areas depend upon the acquisition of data assessing how manatees use different habitats, and identification of environmental characteristics influencing manatee behavior and habitat selection. Acoustic playback experiments were conducted to assess the behavioral responses of manatees to watercraft approaches. Playback stimuli made from prerecorded watercraft approaches were constructed to simulate a vessel approach to approximately 10 m in sea grass habitats. Stimulus categories were (1) silent control, (2) approach with outboard at idle speed, (3) vessel approach at planning speed, and (4) fast personal watercraft approach. Analyses of swim speed, changes in behavioral state, and respiration rate indicate 1 Present address of corresponding author: Jennifer L. Miksis-Olds, The Pennsylvania State University, Applied Research Laboratory, P. O. Box 30, State College, Pennsylvania 16804, U.S.A. 629
630 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 23, NO. 3, 2007 that the animals responded differentially to the playback categories. The most pronounced responses, relative to the controls, were elicited by personal watercraft. Quantitative documentation of response during playbacks provides data that may be used as the basis for future models to predict the impact of specific human activities on manatees and other marine mammal populations. Key words: manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris, disturbance, avoidance, playback experiment, watercraft approaches. A pressing question regarding the conservation of Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) ishow to minimize both the lethal and nonlethal impacts on manatees in areas where watercraft operate. The lethal impacts of watercraft account for an average of 25% to more than 30% of identified manatee deaths each year (Ackerman et al. 1995, Reynolds 1999). The nonlethal impacts of boating on the physical health of manatees, as well as an indirect impact on food availability and communication, are controversial topics for which available data are inadequate. Identifying specific environments or behaviors that put manatees at a greater risk for boat collisions and quantifying manatee reactions to varying speeds and motor types of approaching vessels are necessary steps toward achieving the overall goal of minimizing the negative, lethal, and nonlethal impacts of boats and associated noise. Manatees most commonly encounter relatively small boats: outboard or inboard/outboard leisure boats, personal watercraft (PWC), and fishing trawlers (Gorzelany 2004). PWC means a vessel
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ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION OF
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discomfort without proper protectio
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ABOUT BELIZE Research Site: The pro
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FIELD TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS Duri
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SBCRC is s
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HEALTH INFORMATION Routine Immuniza
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• Consult the CDC for immunizatio
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Oil or oil-based repellant (e.g. ol
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Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation
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MINIMUM / MAXIMUM CLASS SIZE: 6-24
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COURSE FEE & ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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Ecology, Behavior & Conservation of
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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FIELD JOURNALS You are required to
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OUR INVESTIGATION Figure 2. G. crut
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction The
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction On a
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Method We selected a patch reef loc
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction We f
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OUR RESEARCH FINDINGS Introduction
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area on the north part of the islan
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Introduction Our Investigation Befo
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Introduction Sea stars have long be
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INVESTIGATION Introduction Retracti
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Introduction Shells serve as a limi
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Introduction Lunar reproductive rhy
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TRIP SUMMARY SHEET (page 1) Day of
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RECORD OF EFFORT DATA SHEET Event (
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 2
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 4
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Date: Page 2 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
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Date: Page 4 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
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Sighting Log Continued from Page 1
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2010 VT: Scholar, BANNER, Safe Zone
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presentation to Horn Point Environm
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• Developed and managed education
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LaCommare, Katherine S. November 20
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• Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy,
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172 NOTES Caribbean Journal of Scie
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174 FIG. 1. Drowned Cayes study are
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176 severe event occurred in 1998 (
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Coral Reefs (1997) 16, Suppl.: S23
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Table 1. Caribbean Diadema lore Sou
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Table 2. Historical accounts of the
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Table 3. Excerpts from Ernest F. Th
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Bradbury RH, Seymour RM, Antonelli
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Social Interactions in Captive Fema
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Captive Female Manatee Social Behav
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ut not random. Behaviors were not o
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Community Structure, Population Con
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422 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST the pla
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424 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST sarily
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Environmental Conservation 29 (2):
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194 C.M. Duarte well as more recent
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196 C.M. Duarte atmospheric inputs
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198 C.M. Duarte development (Short
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200 C.M. Duarte POTENTIAL STATUS IN
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202 C.M. Duarte detecting losses of
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204 C.M. Duarte Coles, R. & Fortes,
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206 C.M. Duarte Ramos-Esplá, A., M
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$1.2 million (Moore et al. 2009a).
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and positively related to knowledge
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student’s ability to learn facts
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Conservation and Behaviour Richard
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animals may adopt microhabitat choi
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and minimize traffic-induced wildli
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decision rules they use in response
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Gagnon JW, Theimer TC, Dodd NL, Boe
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402 Opinion TRENDS in Ecology and E
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 DOI 10.10
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 45 Fig. 1
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 47 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 49 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 51 the pr
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 53 L, Rei
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(Halodule wrightii and Syringodium
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Diurnal and Nocturnal Scans Four of
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Figure 3. The number of scans (whit
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in 2006. Although this difference i
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manatus in Costa Rica. Biological C
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574 D. J. Semeyn et al. and natural
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576 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 1 Refe
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578 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 3 Refe
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580 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 4 Kern
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582 D. J. Semeyn et al. biologists
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Intraspecific and geographic variat
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III. RESULTS Manatees in Florida an
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 DOI 10.
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 835 dur
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 837 Tab
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 839 Man
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 841 edu
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 DOI 10.1
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 797 was
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Low genetic variation and evidence
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Reduced Belize manatee dispersal an
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and respond to human encounters by
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tourist vessels are present, and th
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that approach behaviour may be habi
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to structure almost completely the
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MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 27(3): 606-6
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Journal of Zoology The lesser of tw
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E. M. Arraut et al. & Sparks, 1989)
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E. M. Arraut et al. Frequent cloud
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E. M. Arraut et al. rising-water we
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E. M. Arraut et al. (Link, 1795) an
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The Journal of Experimental Biology
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Fig. 1. Rescue locations of manatee
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The present study is the first to c
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Bearhop, S., Waldron, S., Votier, S
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Table 1. Results from the GLM relat
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28
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Figure 1. Map of the Drowned Cayes
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Figure 3. Histogram of number of ma
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a. b. c. Power Power Power 100 80 6
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2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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