2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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344 C. Self-Sullivan et al. As identi ed by Packard & Wetterqvist (1986) in Florida, the components of manatee habitat systems include activity centres, travel routes, resources for expansion (potential feeding areas for recovering populations), essential areas (necessary to survive seasonal extremes), and the supporting ecosystem. For the purpose of the present study, we focused on the former two. We de ned activity centres as areas where manatees were frequently observed using resources such as vegetation and freshwater, in all seasons. For Belize, previous studies (Gibson, 1995; Lefebvre et al., 2001) indicated activity centres were located in silty substrates at 1–3 m depth. Activity centres could have attracted both residents and travellers (Reid et al., 1991; Koelsch, 1997). We de ned travel routes as connections between activity centres used by individual manatees for daily, seasonal, or migratory movements (Sanderson, 1966). We were interested in whether geophysical characteristics such as a reef could have been used as landmarks by traveling manatees. Traditional knowledge in local communities indicated manatees were often sighted on the Belize Barrier Reef in the summer. However, the reef had not been included in descriptions of manatee habitat in Belize, possibly due to a bias from research done in Florida where reefs were not present in areas where manatees had been studied. Only one section of Belize Barrier Reef was included in national standardized surveys i.e., in the north where it lies within several 100 m of Ambergris Caye and has been classi ed as the caye habitat type (Auil, 1998). As recommended by Weeks & Packard (1997), we listened to local residents and chose to document in a systematic manner the patterns of manatee occurrence that they perceived. Using an inductive approach, we examined whether the seasonal trend was robust, and explored the reasons that this component of the habitat system would be most attractive to manatees in the summer. In this paper, we describe the seasonal occurrence of predominately male manatees at two locations along the Belize Barrier Reef: (1) Basil Jones Cut, which was isolated by Ambergris Caye from a manatee activity centre in Chetumal Bay, and (2) Gallows Reef, which was adjacent to a manatee activity centre in the Belize Barrier Reef lagoon system (the Drowned Cayes) and exposed to frequent boat traYc. The study was initiated at Basil Jones Cut and extended to Gallows Reef. If manatee presence on the reef was in uenced by access to warm or fresh water during the winter, we expected to nd manatees at Gallows Reef when they were not at Basil Jones. Similarly, if the predominance of males was in uenced by isolation from an activity centre, we expected to nd female manatees and calves at Gallows Reef when they were not at Basil Jones. Materials and Methods Study site The Belize Barrier Reef extends from the Mexican border, where it is only a few meters from the coast, to the Gulf of Honduras where it is 50 km oVshore (Purdy et al., 1975). It forms an important geophysical barrier between the shallow coastal lagoon system and the deep Caribbean Sea. The Belize Barrier Reef, an extensive fringing and barrier reef, developed along an escarpment that abruptly terminates the 250 km-long Belize continental shelf; the sea oor plunges to over 183 m (100 fathoms) just beyond the reef crest (Fig. 1). In this tropical area of the Caribbean, seasons are less de ned by temperature and more by rainfall. The average air temperature ranges from 24 C in November–January, to 27 C in May–September (Purdy et al., 1975). The dry season extends from February through May; the rainy season extends from June through November (corresponding to the peak probability of hurricanes in July–October); December and January are referred to as the transition season (Auil, 1998). Average annual rainfall increases in a north to south direction, with 124 cm near Chetumal Bay, 178 cm at Belize City, and 380 cm near the Gulf of Honduras (Purdy et al., 1975). The two sampling locations are approximately 70 km apart (Fig. 1). These locations diVer substantially in both geophysical characteristics and human activity, as described in more detail below. The northern location, Basil Jones, is relatively far from boat traYc centres and manatee resources (abundant seagrass beds, freshwater, deep channels). Both locations could provide shelter from surf surge, with areas suitable for resting and socializing with other manatees. Compared to Gallows Reef, seagrass beds appear sparser near Basil Jones. Northern location Basil Jones Cut (Fig. 2a), is a few hundred metres east of Ambergris Caye (18 5 38 N, 87 52 12 W). Inside the Bacalar Chico National Park and Marine Reserve, this cut is one of several dozen small breaks in a 50 km, continuous section of Belize Barrier Reef that hugs the windward shore (Purdy et al., 1975). Basil Jones Cut (>3 m) is used by powerboats travelling to a shrimp hatchery, about a dozen local residents, and a few shermen or tour operators. The reef lagoon is narrow (
(a) (b) Manatees on the Belize Barrier Reef Figure 2. Aerial photographs of (a) the northern survey location at Basil Jones Cut (manatees were observed resting in the deep water channel, i.e. the darker water in the photo), and (b) the southern survey location east of the Drowned Cayes (Gallows Reef is located along the right margin of photograph; mainland Belize is approximately 15 km to the west). Photographs by Jimmie C. Smith. 345
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ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION OF
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discomfort without proper protectio
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ABOUT BELIZE Research Site: The pro
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FIELD TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS Duri
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SBCRC is s
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HEALTH INFORMATION Routine Immuniza
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• Consult the CDC for immunizatio
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Oil or oil-based repellant (e.g. ol
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Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation
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MINIMUM / MAXIMUM CLASS SIZE: 6-24
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COURSE FEE & ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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Ecology, Behavior & Conservation of
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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FIELD JOURNALS You are required to
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OUR INVESTIGATION Figure 2. G. crut
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction The
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction On a
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Method We selected a patch reef loc
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction We f
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OUR RESEARCH FINDINGS Introduction
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area on the north part of the islan
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Introduction Our Investigation Befo
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Introduction Sea stars have long be
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INVESTIGATION Introduction Retracti
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Introduction Shells serve as a limi
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Introduction Lunar reproductive rhy
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TRIP SUMMARY SHEET (page 1) Day of
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RECORD OF EFFORT DATA SHEET Event (
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 2
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114 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE. VOL. 15.
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118 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE. VOL. 15.
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36 LaCommare et al. to the Drowned
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38 LaCommare et al. Figure 2. Map o
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40 LaCommare et al. points was 0.31
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42 LaCommare et al. may even provid
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172 NOTES Caribbean Journal of Scie
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174 FIG. 1. Drowned Cayes study are
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176 severe event occurred in 1998 (
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Coral Reefs (1997) 16, Suppl.: S23
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Table 1. Caribbean Diadema lore Sou
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Table 2. Historical accounts of the
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Table 3. Excerpts from Ernest F. Th
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Bradbury RH, Seymour RM, Antonelli
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Social Interactions in Captive Fema
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Captive Female Manatee Social Behav
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ut not random. Behaviors were not o
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Community Structure, Population Con
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422 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST the pla
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424 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST sarily
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Environmental Conservation 29 (2):
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194 C.M. Duarte well as more recent
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196 C.M. Duarte atmospheric inputs
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198 C.M. Duarte development (Short
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200 C.M. Duarte POTENTIAL STATUS IN
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202 C.M. Duarte detecting losses of
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204 C.M. Duarte Coles, R. & Fortes,
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206 C.M. Duarte Ramos-Esplá, A., M
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$1.2 million (Moore et al. 2009a).
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and positively related to knowledge
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student’s ability to learn facts
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Conservation and Behaviour Richard
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animals may adopt microhabitat choi
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and minimize traffic-induced wildli
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decision rules they use in response
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Gagnon JW, Theimer TC, Dodd NL, Boe
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402 Opinion TRENDS in Ecology and E
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 DOI 10.10
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 45 Fig. 1
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 47 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 49 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 51 the pr
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 53 L, Rei
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(Halodule wrightii and Syringodium
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Diurnal and Nocturnal Scans Four of
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Figure 3. The number of scans (whit
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in 2006. Although this difference i
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manatus in Costa Rica. Biological C
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574 D. J. Semeyn et al. and natural
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576 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 1 Refe
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578 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 3 Refe
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580 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 4 Kern
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582 D. J. Semeyn et al. biologists
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Intraspecific and geographic variat
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III. RESULTS Manatees in Florida an
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 DOI 10.
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 835 dur
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 837 Tab
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 839 Man
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 841 edu
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 DOI 10.1
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 797 was
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Low genetic variation and evidence
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Reduced Belize manatee dispersal an
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and respond to human encounters by
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tourist vessels are present, and th
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that approach behaviour may be habi
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to structure almost completely the
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MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 27(3): 606-6
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Journal of Zoology The lesser of tw
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E. M. Arraut et al. & Sparks, 1989)
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E. M. Arraut et al. Frequent cloud
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E. M. Arraut et al. rising-water we
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E. M. Arraut et al. (Link, 1795) an
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The Journal of Experimental Biology
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Fig. 1. Rescue locations of manatee
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The present study is the first to c
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Bearhop, S., Waldron, S., Votier, S
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Table 1. Results from the GLM relat
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28
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Figure 1. Map of the Drowned Cayes
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Figure 3. Histogram of number of ma
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a. b. c. Power Power Power 100 80 6
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2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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