2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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in 2006. Although this difference is fairly small, this may indicate a slightly more rainy summer season, which might have some impact on the probability of manatee presence at the four resting holes studied. Even though manatees were not seen as often in the summer of 2006, this does not necessarily mean that they used the Drowned Cayes habitat less frequently but rather that they were not detected as often at the particular resting holes being studied. West Indian manatee populations must deal with environmental changes on a daily (e.g., tides, currents, weather, human activity levels), seasonal (e.g., rainfall, temperature), and generational basis as human development continues to dramatically alter their habitats throughout the Caribbean (Deutsch et al., 2007). Although little is known about habitat use in the population over long periods of time, changes in habitat use by manatees have been observed at Swallow Caye in the Drowned Cayes of Belize, presumably as a result of increased human disturbance. When tour operators began and then ended a "swimwith" program at Swallow Caye, manatee use of the resting hole decreased during the program but increased again when the program was discontinued (Self-Sullivan, 2008). For generations of manatees, the undeveloped Drowned Cayes have provided a safe haven within a short distance of essential fresh water from the Belize River. Between 2001 and 2004, there was an exponential increase in cruise ship tourism in Belize. In 2001, there were 48 cruise ships with 48,116 passengers; in 2002, there were 200 ships with 319,690 passengers, representing a 584% growth; in 2003, there were 315 ships with 575,196 passengers, an 80% growth from 2002; and in 2004, there were 406 ships with 851,436 passengers, which is a 49% growth from 2003 (Belize Tourism Board, 2006). Although cruise ship numbers have leveled-off since 2005, the impact of cruise ship tourism remains above the 2003 level with a continued increase in development and human disturbance of manatee habitat in the Drowned Cayes area. Manatee mortality rate near Belize City is relatively high (Auil, 2004). This might be due to the increase in boat traffic as passengers are ferried from the ships by tender boats and are taken on tours to the reef, around the Drowned Cayes, and to small sandy cayes in the area (Self-Sullivan, 2008). Also, there has been an increase in development of some of the other cayes in the Drowned Cayes, causing increases in boat traffic in these areas with the potential to cause siltation that may destroy the seagrass beds that the manatees feed on. The implications of our findings should be taken into consideration by conservation managers who Resting Holes of the Antillean Manatee in Belize 69 are concerned with development in the Drowned Cayes. Conservation strategies designed to protect manatees should include preservation of low-energy, secluded areas where manatees can continue to maintain resting holes near seagrass beds. Results of the current study not only increase understanding of manatee resting habitats but provide necessary data for decisionmakers and wildlife managers to establish limits of acceptable change within the Drowned Cayes area and other strategies for the conservation of manatee habitat in Belize. Acknowledgments This work was supported by a Marine Research Group (LLU) grant to M-LB, funding from Dr. Robert Ford in the Department of Social Work and Social Ecology (LLU), the Earthwatch Institute, and the Hugh Parkey Foundation for Marine Awareness and Education. We thank our Belizean field assistants and boat drivers, Gilroy Robinson and Dorian Alvarez, as well as field assistants Leigh Bird, Shauna King, Haydée Domínguez, Karen Petkau, Ryan Roland, Austin Bacchus, Coralie Lallemand, and the volunteers from the Earthwatch Teams 2, 3, and 4 in 2005 and 2006. We are also grateful to multiple colleagues at Loma Linda University; Dr. William Hayes and Dr. Zia Nisani who helped with statistics; and Daniel Gonzalez who helped in the field. Thanks to Rick Ware for providing the Belize City tide tables. Our research was carried out in compliance with the laws of the United States and Belize under MNREI Forest Department Permits, Ref. Nos. CD/60/3/05(29) and CD/60/3/06(32), and LLU IACUC Protocol #86006. This is contribution Number 8 of the Marine Research Group (LLU). Literature Cited Auil, N. E. (2004). Abundance and distribution trends of the West Indian manatee in the coastal zone of Belize: Implications for conservation. Master’s thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station. 83 pp. Axis-Arroyo, J., Morales-Vela, B., Torruco-Gomez, D., & Vega-Cendejas, M. E. (1998). Variables asociadas con el uso de habitat del manatí del Caribe (Trichechus manatus), en Quintana Roo, México (Mammalia). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 46, 791-803. Bacchus, M-L. C. (2007). Characterization of resting holes and use by the Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus). Master’s thesis, Loma Linda University, CA. 84 pp. Belize Tourism Board. (2006). Cruise arrivals by month. Retrieved December 2006 from www.belizetourism.org. Bengtson, J. L. (1981). Ecology of manatees (Trichechus manatus) in the St. Johns River, Florida. 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70 Bacchus et al. Bengtson, J. L. (1983). Estimating food consumption of free-ranging manatees in Florida. Journal of Wildlife Management, 47, 1186-1192. Buckingham, C. A., Lefebvre, L. W., Schaefer, J. M., & Kochman, H. I. (1999). Manatee response to boating activity in a thermal refuge. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27, 514-522. Butler, S. M., Reid, J. P., & Stith, B. M. (2003). Detailed movements and habitat use patterns of radio tagged manatees in the western Everglades. Poster presentation at the 15th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. Greensboro, NC. Deutsch, C. J., Self-Sullivan, C., & Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A. (2007). Trichechus manatus. In 2007 IUCN red list of threatened species. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Deutsch, C. J., Reid, J. P., Bonde, R. K., Easton, D. E., Kochman, H. I., & O’Shea, T. J. (2003). Seasonal movements, migratory behavior, and site fidelity of West Indian manatees along the Atlantic coast of the United States. Wildlife Monographs, 151, 1-77. Domning, D. P., & Hayek, L. C. (1986). Interspecific and intraspecific morphological variation in manatees (Sirenia: Trichechus). Marine Mammal Science, 2, 87-144. Etheridge, K., Rathbun, G. B., Powell, J. A., & Kochman, H. I. (1985). Consumption of aquatic plants by the West Indian manatee. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 23, 21-25. Ford, R. E. (1991). Toponymic generics, environment and culture history in pre-independence Belize. Names, 39, 1-25. Hartman, D. S. (1971). Behavior and ecology of the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris (Harlan), at Crystal River, Citrus County. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 285 pp. Hartman, D. S. (1979). Ecology and behavior of the manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Florida. American Society of Mammalogists, Special Publication 5. Jiménez, I. (2002). Heavy poaching in prime habitat: The conservation status of the West Indian manatee in Nicaragua. Oryx, 36, 272-278. Jiménez, I. (2005). Development of predictive models to explain the distribution of the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus in tropical watercourses. Biological Conservation, 125, 491-503. Kinnaird, M. F. (1985). Aerial census of manatees in northeastern Florida. Biological Conservation, 32, 59-79. LaCommare, K. S., Self-Sullivan, C., & Brault, S. (2008). Distribution and habitat use of Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) in the Drowned Cayes area of Belize, Central America. Aquatic Mammals, 34(1), 35-43. Lefebvre, L. W., Marmontel, M., Reid, J. P., Rathbun, G. B., & Domning, D. P. (2001). Status and biogeography of the West Indian manatee. In C. A. Wood & F. E. Sergile (Eds.), Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and perspectives (2nd ed.) (pp. 425-474). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Miksis-Olds, J. L. (2006). Manatee response to environmental noise. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett. 228 pp. Mukhametov, L. M., Lyamin, O. I., Chetyrbok, I. S., Vassilyev, A. A., & Diaz, R. P. (1992). Sleep in an Amazonian manatee, Trichechus inunguis. Experientia, 48, 417-419. Olivera-Gomez, L. D., & Mellink, E. (2005). Distribution of the Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) as a function of habitat characteristics, in Bahia de Chetumal, Mexico. Biological Conservation, 121, 127- 133. Ortiz, R. M., Worthy, G. A. J., & Byers, F. M. (1999). Estimation of water turnover rates of captive West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) held in fresh and salt water. Journal of Experimental Biology, 202, 33-38. Ortiz, R. M., Worthy, G. A. J., & MacKenzie, D. S. (1998). Osmoregulation in wild and captive West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus). Physiological Zoology, 71, 449-457. O’Shea, T. J., Correa-Viana, M., Ludlow, M. E., & Robinson, J. G. (1988). Distribution, status, and traditional significance of the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus in Venezuela. Biological Conservation, 46, 281-301. Packard, J. M., & Wetterqvist, O. F. (1986). Evaluation of manatee habitat systems on the northwestern Florida coast. Coastal Zone Management Journal, 14, 279-310. Powell, J. A., & Kouadio, A. (2006). Trichechus senegalensis. In 2007 IUCN red list of threatened species. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Powell, J. A., & Rathbun, G. B. (1984). Distribution and abundance of manatees along the northern coast of the gulf of Mexico. Northeast Gulf Science, 7, 1-28. Powell, J. A., Belitsky, D. W., & Rathbun, G. B. (1981). Status of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Puerto Rico. Journal of Mammalogy, 62, 642-646. Provancha, J. A., & Hall, C. R. (1991). Observations of associations between seagrass beds and manatees in east central Florida. Florida Scientist, 54, 87-98. Ralph, C. L., Young, S., Gettinger, R., & O’Shea, T. J. (1985). Does the manatee have a pineal body? Acta Zoologica, 66, 55-60. Rathbun, G. B., Powell, J. A., & Cruz, G. (1983). Status of the West Indian manatee in Honduras. Biological Conservation, 26, 301-308. Rathbun, G. B., Reid, J. P., & Carowan, G. (1990). Distribution and movement patterns of manatees (Trichechus manatus) in northwestern peninsular Florida. Florida Marine Research Publications, 48, 1-33. Reep, R. L., & Bonde, R. K. (2006). The Florida manatee: Biology and conservation. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 189 pp. Reynolds, J. E., Szelistowski, W. A., & Leon, M. A. (1995). Status and conservation of manatees Trichechus manatus
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ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION OF
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Introduction Our Investigation Befo
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LaCommare, Katherine S. November 20
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2006. Holy Redeemer Day Camp. Conta
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during the summer months while othe
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polyandrous - often mating with sev
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in the summer. Chessie, a male Flor
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ecords indicate that manatees have
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Florida manatee. National Biologica
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parturition: the action or process
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Manatees on the Belize Barrier Reef
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direction, and (e) when ‘travelli
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male travelled at least as far as B
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NEWS OF THE WEEK MEETINGBRIEFS>> 10
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Functional Ecology 2008, 22, 284-28
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172 NOTES Caribbean Journal of Scie
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174 FIG. 1. Drowned Cayes study are
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Coral Reefs (1997) 16, Suppl.: S23
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Bradbury RH, Seymour RM, Antonelli
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Social Interactions in Captive Fema
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194 C.M. Duarte well as more recent
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The Journal of Experimental Biology
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Fig. 1. Rescue locations of manatee
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The present study is the first to c
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a. b. c. Power Power Power 100 80 6
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