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Vol. 60, 1909 - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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works, making a total <strong>of</strong> 21n de<strong>at</strong>hs, an in- glycogen. Glycogen can also be formed<br />

"^' '''^" ^'""^ '^'<br />

,, T.K,r i°"''' \ """f n' T'^ Pteids <strong>of</strong> the food;<br />

n and<br />

1906. Seventeen were<br />

uTder<br />

kdled outright certain circumstances sugar can<br />

this year by<br />

be<br />

firearms<br />

directlv<br />

U, were killed by ex- formed from the body proteids<br />

plosions <strong>of</strong><br />

In<br />

powder,<br />

hea h<br />

7 by giant firecrackers, the amount <strong>of</strong> glucose in the circul<strong>at</strong>ing<br />

- L!Z K,""? """"^ '-^^ "^'"^' ^^°°d<br />

I^"?"'<br />

^^"ges between 0.1<br />

such<br />

and<br />

as blood<br />

0.2 per cent<br />

poiso„,ng,_ by sky-rockets. If it were not for the reservoir<br />

chem.ca action <strong>of</strong> the<br />

s, etc while 3. were literally liver and muscles in storing<br />

burned up the<br />

to de<strong>at</strong>h<br />

excess<br />

by fire from fireworks, <strong>of</strong> carbohydr<strong>at</strong>es after a meal as many <strong>of</strong> which were<br />

"h-co'eT<br />

caused by the so-called we would have more than 0.2<br />

harmless percent <strong>of</strong><br />

vaneties <strong>of</strong> fireworks. glucose in the blood, a hyperc.lycaem°a<br />

,,"°"" nijuries this would occur and a glvcosur'a e^is'^e.<br />

veJr or^rTf;<br />

''f'<br />

In<br />

^^''^ l^^^lth the glycogen is<br />

were U neon ^^ ^T }Ta'^'ureconvertedwere<br />

into glu-<br />

1(, people totally bhnded this year, cose, which is distributed to the<br />

benig.morethan<br />

muscles bv<br />

last year, but 9 less than the circul<strong>at</strong>ing blood and there<br />

the highest<br />

burnt<br />

number<br />

up<br />

inl90.S. There were producing he<strong>at</strong> and energy.<br />

o6 who<br />

The man^e^<br />

lost one eye each, 41 who lost legs, in which this final combustion is effected<br />

' '"'"" '"'' °"^<br />

Tm^r^ "°^ been known.<br />

or more CohnSS<br />

fingers nngers.<br />

'<br />

published '^^t^'^'^^.^^ his researches in 1903 and<br />

Peniisylvania<br />

1904<br />

holds the blackest record and threw much light on the subject. By<br />

rnduiU^S.r? r'' Yk" T,?''^'"'"'",^'''^- " ^P^'^'^^y constructed press<br />

ond<br />

he<br />

uuh obtained<br />

S9,S, followed by Ilino.s with 547, the juice from the pancreas<br />

New and muscles <strong>of</strong><br />

Jersey wuh 4,S,S and Massachusetts dogs and c<strong>at</strong>s. Each juice added hide-<br />

pendently to solutions <strong>of</strong> glucose was inert.<br />

ri ^ -1 -I-, r ,_<br />

I he responsibility for the vast majority When, however, the pancre<strong>at</strong>ic juice<br />

<strong>of</strong> hese was<br />

injuries rests with the city govern- added to a mixture <strong>of</strong> muscle juice<br />

mentsand,<br />

and Jlu^<br />

as the Journal says, this annual cose there was rapid breaking up <strong>of</strong> the<br />

ou Ivf '^°"lV""'\"e«« be prevented with- l<strong>at</strong>ter into alcohol and carbonic acid.<br />

outCohn- e.xtreme difficulty. There is evident a heim holds th<strong>at</strong> this remarkable effect is<br />

tendency m various parts o the countrv to analogous to Pavlow's observ<strong>at</strong>ion<br />

ns<br />

th<strong>at</strong><br />

nu e measures which will lead to saner trypsinogen is only made active for proteid<br />

aiidsafermethods<strong>of</strong>celebr<strong>at</strong>ingourn<strong>at</strong>ional digestion by being converted into trvpsiu<br />

holulay Several arge cities, notably Balti- by the "enterokinase" <strong>of</strong> the succus enieri-<br />

^^"'^S:o and Washington cus. w!' V^? He believes<br />

J""^'<br />

th<strong>at</strong> the muscles<br />

have<br />

produce<br />

adopted prohib.tor>' or restrictive ordi- a proenzyme which is onlv made active for<br />

nances which have already shown their carbohydr<strong>at</strong>e combustion bv the action <strong>of</strong><br />

beneficence either by the total absence <strong>of</strong> another substance produced in the pancreas<br />

accidents or by the occurrence <strong>of</strong> only a and conveyed to the muscles by the<br />

very<br />

blood<br />

few serious injuries. stream. He showed th<strong>at</strong> the glvcolytic<br />

c;\RBoriYDK,^TB MBT/\BouiSM AND substance produced bv the pancreas is not<br />

Di'^BBTES.<br />

,, a true ferment but a bodv closelv rel<strong>at</strong>ed in<br />

, Many theories have been advanced to its characteristics with other well known<br />

account tor the common disease diabetes, constituents<strong>of</strong> internal secretions, as adren-<br />

None, perhaps, are al)le to account for all alin and iodothyrin. He also found th<strong>at</strong><br />

:ases tor the very good reason th<strong>at</strong> in all when too large a quantitv <strong>of</strong> the juice <strong>of</strong> the<br />

proDabiiity no one cause or set <strong>of</strong> causes pancreas is used carbohydr<strong>at</strong>e combustion<br />

•ould be found to be active in all cases, is retarded or even stopped. The pancreas<br />

Jur Ignorance <strong>of</strong> the metabolic disturb- juice is supposed to supply the amboceptors<br />

uices m diabetes has been largely due to and the muscle juice the complement. The<br />

ae tact th<strong>at</strong> we have not known how the retarding action <strong>of</strong> an excess <strong>of</strong> pancreas<br />

:arlx)liydr<strong>at</strong>es are eventually disposed <strong>of</strong> in juice is believed to be due to an over-abun-<br />

Ue body 111 health. Normally the carbo- dance <strong>of</strong> amboceptors. According to these<br />

lydr<strong>at</strong>es <strong>of</strong> the food are stored in the liver researches the carbohydr<strong>at</strong>es normally are<br />

ina muscles as glycogen. Pavy held th<strong>at</strong> burnt up in the muscles, producing he<strong>at</strong><br />

part ot the injected carbohydr<strong>at</strong>es is con- and energy by the combined action <strong>of</strong> two<br />

erted by the villi <strong>of</strong> the intestinal mucosa glycolytic bodies, one produced in the musito<br />

t<strong>at</strong> and carried thence by the lacteals cles and the other in the pancreas. As said<br />

> the blood. Hy a splitting <strong>of</strong>f process an- above, when an excess <strong>of</strong> glucose (over 0.2<br />

tner portion is incorpor<strong>at</strong>ed with iiitro- per cent. ) occurs in the circul<strong>at</strong>ing blood a<br />

enous m<strong>at</strong>ter and carried away in the form glycosuria occurs. Theoretically this may<br />

I proteid. He thinks th<strong>at</strong> only a portion be produced as follows: By functional or<br />

the carbohydr<strong>at</strong>es reaches the liver as organic disease <strong>of</strong> the islands <strong>of</strong> Langer-<br />

Ilucose,<br />

where the hep<strong>at</strong>ic cells convert haus in the pancreas. The islands <strong>of</strong> cells<br />

us monosaccharid iulo the polysaccharid probably produce a glycolytic ferment which

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