Vol. 60, 1909 - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

works, making a total of 21n deaths, an in- glycogen. Glycogen can also be formed
"^' '''^" ^'""^ '^'
,, T.K,r i°"''' \ """f n' T'^ Pteids of the food;
n and
1906. Seventeen were
uTder
kdled outright certain circumstances sugar can
this year by
be
firearms
directlv
U, were killed by ex- formed from the body proteids
plosions of
In
powder,
hea h
7 by giant firecrackers, the amount of glucose in the circulating
- L!Z K,""? """"^ '-^^ "^'"^' ^^°°d
I^"?"'
^^"ges between 0.1
such
and
as blood
0.2 per cent
poiso„,ng,_ by sky-rockets. If it were not for the reservoir
chem.ca action of the
s, etc while 3. were literally liver and muscles in storing
burned up the
to death
excess
by fire from fireworks, of carbohydrates after a meal as many of which were
"h-co'eT
caused by the so-called we would have more than 0.2
harmless percent of
vaneties of fireworks. glucose in the blood, a hyperc.lycaem°a
,,"°"" nijuries this would occur and a glvcosur'a e^is'^e.
veJr or^rTf;
''f'
In
^^''^ l^^^lth the glycogen is
were U neon ^^ ^T }Ta'^'ureconvertedwere
into glu-
1(, people totally bhnded this year, cose, which is distributed to the
benig.morethan
muscles bv
last year, but 9 less than the circulating blood and there
the highest
burnt
number
up
inl90.S. There were producing heat and energy.
o6 who
The man^e^
lost one eye each, 41 who lost legs, in which this final combustion is effected
' '"'"" '"'' °"^
Tm^r^ "°^ been known.
or more CohnSS
fingers nngers.
'
published '^^t^'^'^^.^^ his researches in 1903 and
Peniisylvania
1904
holds the blackest record and threw much light on the subject. By
rnduiU^S.r? r'' Yk" T,?''^'"'"'",^'''^- " ^P^'^'^^y constructed press
ond
he
uuh obtained
S9,S, followed by Ilino.s with 547, the juice from the pancreas
New and muscles of
Jersey wuh 4,S,S and Massachusetts dogs and cats. Each juice added hide-
pendently to solutions of glucose was inert.
ri ^ -1 -I-, r ,_
I he responsibility for the vast majority When, however, the pancreatic juice
of hese was
injuries rests with the city govern- added to a mixture of muscle juice
mentsand,
and Jlu^
as the Journal says, this annual cose there was rapid breaking up of the
ou Ivf '^°"lV""'\"e«« be prevented with- latter into alcohol and carbonic acid.
outCohn- e.xtreme difficulty. There is evident a heim holds that this remarkable effect is
tendency m various parts o the countrv to analogous to Pavlow's observation
ns
that
nu e measures which will lead to saner trypsinogen is only made active for proteid
aiidsafermethodsofcelebratingournational digestion by being converted into trvpsiu
holulay Several arge cities, notably Balti- by the "enterokinase" of the succus enieri-
^^"'^S:o and Washington cus. w!' V^? He believes
J""^'
that the muscles
have
produce
adopted prohib.tor>' or restrictive ordi- a proenzyme which is onlv made active for
nances which have already shown their carbohydrate combustion bv the action of
beneficence either by the total absence of another substance produced in the pancreas
accidents or by the occurrence of only a and conveyed to the muscles by the
very
blood
few serious injuries. stream. He showed that the glvcolytic
c;\RBoriYDK,^TB MBT/\BouiSM AND substance produced bv the pancreas is not
Di'^BBTES.
,, a true ferment but a bodv closelv related in
, Many theories have been advanced to its characteristics with other well known
account tor the common disease diabetes, constituentsof internal secretions, as adren-
None, perhaps, are al)le to account for all alin and iodothyrin. He also found that
:ases tor the very good reason that in all when too large a quantitv of the juice of the
proDabiiity no one cause or set of causes pancreas is used carbohydrate combustion
•ould be found to be active in all cases, is retarded or even stopped. The pancreas
Jur Ignorance of the metabolic disturb- juice is supposed to supply the amboceptors
uices m diabetes has been largely due to and the muscle juice the complement. The
ae tact that we have not known how the retarding action of an excess of pancreas
:arlx)liydrates are eventually disposed of in juice is believed to be due to an over-abun-
Ue body 111 health. Normally the carbo- dance of amboceptors. According to these
lydrates of the food are stored in the liver researches the carbohydrates normally are
ina muscles as glycogen. Pavy held that burnt up in the muscles, producing heat
part ot the injected carbohydrates is con- and energy by the combined action of two
erted by the villi of the intestinal mucosa glycolytic bodies, one produced in the musito
tat and carried thence by the lacteals cles and the other in the pancreas. As said
> the blood. Hy a splitting off process an- above, when an excess of glucose (over 0.2
tner portion is incorporated with iiitro- per cent. ) occurs in the circulating blood a
enous matter and carried away in the form glycosuria occurs. Theoretically this may
I proteid. He thinks that only a portion be produced as follows: By functional or
the carbohydrates reaches the liver as organic disease of the islands of Langer-
Ilucose,
where the hepatic cells convert haus in the pancreas. The islands of cells
us monosaccharid iulo the polysaccharid probably produce a glycolytic ferment which