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VICARIOUS.
Vicarious (vw-, vike'-rias), a. [f. L. vicari-tts
adj. and sb., f. vic-is change, turn, stead, office,
etc. : see -abious,]
1. That takes or supplies the place of another
thing or person ; substituted instead of the proper
thing or person.
1637 GiLLESPiK Eng. Pop. Cerem. \\\. iv. 56 If I..reli-
tously adore before the Pastor^ as the Vicarious Signe of
CIhrisl
himself. 1664 H. Mork Myst. Ini^. 319 The In-
teireges are necessarily reducible to the Regal Power, beuig
but a vicarious Appendage (hcrelo. 1688 Bovlk Final
Canses Not. Things 11. 70 Gravel and little stones.. are
often found . . in iheir stomachs, where they prove a vicarious
kind of teeth. 1709 T. Robinson Viud, Mc^saick Sysi. 29
God. .made tt \sc. the moon] a vicarious Light to the Sun,
to supply its absence in this lower World. 1785 Burke
i>. Nahoh Arcot's Debts Wk-i. 1842 1. 320 These modern
flagell.ints are sure.. to whip their own enormities on the
vicarious back of every small offender. 18*9 1. Taylor
EMtkus. vii. 161 Every right-minded and heaven-commissioned
minister of religion is.. in.. a real sense.. a vicarious
person. 1850 Bi.ackiic /Eschylus 11.68 This, And worse
expect, unless some god endure Vicarious thy tortures. 1853
Abp. Thomson Laws Th. § 30 (ed. 3) 59 The cry or exclamation,
.would be consciously reproduced to represent or
recal the feeling on another occasion ; and it then became
a word, or vicarious sign.
b. Const, of (something), rare.
1831 Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 404 The University
and Colleges are thus neither identical, nor vicarious of each
other. 1836-7 — Metaph. viit. (1870) 131 If the science be
able to possess no single name vicarious of its definition,
2. Of punishment, etc. : Endured or suffered by
one person in place of another ; accomplished or
attained by the substitution of some other person,
etc., for the actual offender. Freq. in Theol. with
reference to the suiTering and death of Christ.
169a Bentlev BoyU Led. ix. 319 Some means of Recondilation
must be contrived ; some vicarious satisfaction to
iusttce. i6f)8 NoRRis Pract. Disc. (1707) IV. 137 But as
'reciou> as it was, it was not the very thing that the Law
required, but a Vicarious Punishment. 1736 Butler ^«/i/.
Reiig;. if. v. 211 Vicarious Punishments may be. .absolutely
necessary. 1781 Johnson in Bosxvell 3 June, Whatever
difficulty there may be in the conception of vicarious
punishments. 1836 J. Gilbert Chr. Aioncm, \\\. (1852)
80 The Christian doctrine of vicarious expiation. 1850
Blackie j^schylus II. 319 The idea of vicarious sacrifice,
or punishment by substitution,, .does not seem to have been
very familiar to the Greek mind, i860 Pusev Min.Proph,
laThe manifold harvest, which He.. should bring forth.
by His vicarious Death. 1883 Gilmour Alongoh xvii. 202
Vicarious suffering too seems strange to them, their own
system teaching that for his sin a man must suffer, and there
is no escape.
3 Of power, authority, etc, : Exercised by one
person, or body of persons, as the representative or
deputy of another.
1706 Phillips (ed. Kersey), F^VanV/w, belonging to a
Vicar, subordinate ; as A Vicarious Power. 1777 Johnson
in Bosweil {iga^) I. 126, 1 shall be considered as exercising
a kind of vicarious jurisdiction. 1807 Barlow Cotitnib.
J.
1. 5 Who swayM a moment, with vicarious power, Iberia's
sceptre. 1844 H. H.Wilson Brit, /«//;« II!. 285 Such vicarious
powers wereconferredupon His Majesty's Courts at all
the Indian Presidencies. 1855 Macaulav Hist. En^. III.
487 He had . . held, during some months, a vicarious primacy.
trans/. 1835-6 Todd's Cycl. A fiat. I. 322/1 Redi's opinion,
that the pebbles [swallowed by birds] perform the vicarious
office of teeth.
4. Performed or achieved by means of another,
or by one person, etc., on behalf of another.
1806 Fellowes tr. Aftitan's znd De/iftce Wks. VI. 377 He
had not the courage . . to prefix a dedication to Charles without
the vicarious aid of Flaccus. iBzx Lam u E/ia i. Bachelor's
Complaint^ I must protest against the vicarious glutionyof
Cerasia, who . . sent away a dish of Morellas . . to her husband
at the other end of the table. 1846 Edin. Re^f. LXXXIV.
68 The increasing laxity of the Mussulman world, and the
practice of vicarious pilgrimage, have greatly diminished
the numbers of the sacred caravans. 1877 Gladstone
Glean. (1879) IV. 347 May we never be subjected to the
humiliation of dependence upon vicarious labour. 1891^ H.
Drummonu Ascent Man 301 Unconscious of their vicarious
service, the butterfly and the bee., carry the fertilizing dust
to the waiting stigma.
b. Of qualities, etc. : Possessed by one person
but reckoned to the credit of another.
184a Pl'sey Crisis Eng, Ch. 136 To confound, .individual
duties with vicarious merits, x8^ Froude Hist. Eng^
(1858) II. vi. 36 A system. .where sin was expiated by the
vicarious virtues of other men.
o. Of methods, principles, etc, : Based upon the
substitution of one person for another,
1857 Hughes Tom Bro7vn 11. iii. It may be called the
vicarious method ; it obtained amongst big fellows of lazy
or bullying habits, and consisted simply in making clever
boys.,do their whole vulgus for them. 1870 J. H.Newman
Gram, Assent u. x. 400 On this vicarious principle, by
which we appropriate to ourselves what others do for us, the
whole structure of society is raised.
6, PhymL Denoting the performance by or
through one organ of functions normally discharged
by another ; substitutive.
1780 Encycl. Brit. VI, 4747 The Vicarious Haemoptysis.
i8ai-7 Good Study Med. (1829) I. 650 With a view of exciting
a vicarious action, I opened an issue in one of the
arms. find. 668 Where the complaint is strictly idiopathic
and uncombined, it has often been found to give way to
some local irritation or vicarious drain. 1846 Day tr.
Simon*s Anim. Chem. 11. 170 The vicarious action of the
i^in and lungs. 1877 Foster Physiol. (1878) 477 Vicarious
reflex movements may also !>e witnessed in mammals.
176
Vicariously (vai-, vike»*ri3sli), adv.
+ -LY-.]
[f. prec.
1. By substitution of one thing or person for
another ; by means of a substitute,
1796 Burke Re^tc. Peace \\. Wks. 1808 VIII. 237 Not
beingable torevenge themselves on God, they have a delight
in vicariously defacing . . his image in man, i8a8 Scott
p\ M. Perth xvii, Some one must drink it for him, he shall
be cured vicariously. 1835-6 TodiCs Cycl. Anat. I. 133/1
Respiration is also carried on vicariously in a very large proportion
of animals. 1861 G. Shf.ppabu Fall J. Rome vii.
397 His campaigns were., vicariously carried on by a general
whom common report designated as the Achilles of tiie
Vandals. 1883 ' Ouioa ' ll'anda 1. 60 She never did anything
vicariously which concerned those dependent upon her.
2. As a substitute for another.
1868 Garrod Mat. Med. (ed. 3) 410 To c.-iuse the skin to
act vicariously when the action of other secreting organs is
excessive. 1886 J. Morlev CrrV. J/Zi-c. I. 298 He suspected
the practice by which one man offered up prayer vicariously
and collectively for the assembled congregation.
Vica*rioasxiess. [f. as prec. + -nkss.] The
quality or condition of being vicarious.
1717 Bailey (vol. II). 1858 J. Martineau St7td. Chr.
188 If the vicariousness be not this mere pretence, it describes
an outrage upon the first principles of rectitude.
1874 H. R. Reynolds yohn Bapt. v. § 2. 328 The vicariousness
of the sacrifice makes a more severe demand upon our
conscience and intelligence. 1889 Lancet 27 July 17^/1
Another favourite assertion of the opponents of \accination
—the vicariousness of zymotic mortality.
f Vicariship. Obs. rare-"^, [f. Vicary sby'\
= VlCARSHlP.
ci^yiPilgr. Ly/Manhode i. xv. (1869) 11 Thowshuldest
also not foryeteof whom thow doost the vicarishipe.
t Vi'carly, tf. Obs.-'^ [f. Vicab 2.] Holding
the position of a vicar.
1596 Nashe Saffron Walden Ep. Ded., A deuine vicarly
brother of his, called Astrologicall Richard.
Vi'Carship. Also 6 -shyp, vycar8hip(pe.
[f. Vicar + -SHIP,] The office or position of a
vicar, in various senses of the word.
X534 Henrv VIII in Liber Regis p. viii, Every other
person that hath anydignitie, prebend, vycarship,. .or other
office. 1546 Bale Eng. Votaries i. (1560) 49 The general
commission, whiche he had of Sathan his great mastre, in
that vycarship of his. 1579 Fulke Confut. Sanders 540 Y*
liishop of lerusalem should more reasonably claime this
supremacie & vicarship vnto Christ. t6ii Speed Hist. Gt.
Brit. IX. xii. §66 Lewis of Bauar the Emperour sodainely
..re-called his Vicar-ship or delegation, which bee had made
to Edward, to exercise imperiall power in lower Germany.
1653 H. CoGAN tr. Scarlet Gotvn 66 After his arrival at
Rome, Cardinal Capucino paid him all the profits accruing
of his Vicarship by him administred in his absence. 1677
Sv. Hughes Man ofSin iii, iv. 139 If St. Peters, and so his
Holiness universal Vicarship follow hence. 1739 Swift Let.
to Pope 10 May, There is a man in my choir, one Mr. Lamb;
he has at present but half a vicarship. 176a tr. Busching's
Syst. Geog. III. J30 The crown of Spain held the vicarship
of Siena as a fief of the Empire. 1830 I. Taylor Ancient
Chr. I. 96 The universal vicarship of the bishop of Rome.
1867 R. Palmer P. Hozvard 71 He was recommended to
the master-general by Cardinal Pole for the vicarship of the
province. 1896 Oxford Chron. 25 July 5/4 The Bishop of
Oxford has lost no time in filling up the Vicarship of
Abingdon.
t Vi'Cary, sb^ Obs, Forms : a. 4-5 vioarie
(4 vik-), -arye, 4-6 vycary (4 -arye), 4-7 vicary
(5 -ari), 6 vykary. /3. 4-5 vicori(e, viccorie;
4 vycory, 4-5 vicory, vecory, 5 vicorye. 7. 4
vi(c)kery, 5 vekery, [ad, L, vicari-us Vicar.]
1. = Vicar i and i b.
1303 R. Brunnk Handl. Synne 11789 pe prest >*s crystys
vycarye. 1338 — Chron. (1810) 283 No man has powere
J>er of to deme no wirke, Withoute J?e pape of Rome, Code's
V icarie. c 1381 Chaucer Pari. Foules 370 Nature, vicarye
o the almyghty lord. 1393 Langl. P. PI. C. xv. 70 Cleregie
is cristes vikery to conforte and to curen. 1502 Arnolue
Chron. (t8ii) 159 Unto the most holyest and fauorablist
Prince in erthe, Vicary and Lieftenaunt of Cryst. 15*9
More Dyaloge w. Wks. 179/2 The Pope which is vnder
Christ vycary & the head of our churche.
2. = Vicar 2.
a, 1303 R. Brunne Handl. Synne 11607 Alle prestes haue
nat powere, .to assoyle |>e. .But hyt be J>y parysshe preste
.., Or at J>y parsone or vycary. ^1330 — Chron. Wace
(Rolls) 5775 To parsones & to vicaries Was graunted grete
seignuryes. c 1386 Chaucer Parson's Prol. 22 (Corpus),
Sire Preest, quod he, art J>ou a vicary Or art |)OU a i>erson i
say soJ>, by py fey, 1417 E. E, Wills (1882) 28 Sir John
Dey, parsone of Bageworthe, . . sir Edward Osbourne, vicary
of Thornecombe. 1463 in Somerset Medieval Wills (1901)
200 The same writinges I send you nowe by the vicarye of
Porestoke. c 1501 Joseph Arim. 253 The vykary of welles,
that thyder had sought, . . Released he was of part of his infyrmyte.
aisj^Skelton Col. Cloute ST^ Of persons and
vycaryes They make many outcryes. 1538 North Country
Wills (Surtees, 1908) 158 To the vicarye of Willoby a
mortuary.
^) y* '377 Langl. P. PI. B. xix. 407 Thanne is many man
ylost, quod a lewed vycory. 1406 E. E. Wills (1882) 12
V wyt to the vekery of the same Kyrke xij d. 14x6
Audelav Poems i6_ Alas he ner a parsun or a vecory. c 1450
Chron. London (Kingsford, 1905) 134 Ther was a prest of
thaksted, that wbas vicory some tyme, whas brent in
Smythfelde, 1479 in Eng. Gilds(\Zjo) 421 The Maire..and
the Vicorye and the Propters [sic\ with them.
3. = Vicar 3,
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VI. 465 For those men fleynge
the laboure of the qwere. .ordeynede vicaryes to occupye
theire places. 1505 Will R. Gybbys 26 March (Prerog. Crt.
Canterb.), AlsoetoOwen Parsons my rosecuppe. .; but if he
shold dye, thenne to my brethren the Vicaries of the Quere.
VICE.
4. o Vicar 4.
1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 243 He jaf to te pope,
Peter his vicary, a rente by ^e ^ere of everich hous of J»e
kyngdom. r 1430 Pilgi. LyJ Alanhode 1. xiii. (1869) 8 A
tiiaister j sigh fasteby that seemede to be a vicarie of aaron
or of moyses.
6, = V^ICAK 5.
?i4.. S. Eng. Legendary (MS. BotU. 779) in Herrig's
Archiv LXXXIL 383/57 lo myssian J»e vecory l>ey were
l>etake anon, pat he hem cholde make here sacrefise to don.
1422 Vonge tr. Secreta Secret, 214 Whan thou haste mestere
to the Service of ten thousand men, thou cal a gouernoure,
and hym shal Serve ten vicaries, and wyth euery vicarie
shall cvm ten leders. 1491 Caxton / 'itas Pair. 1. clviii.
(1495) 166/2 One of tne sayd chyldren was made Senatour
of Rome; the other Consul of Cartage, and thother vycarye
in Affrytiue. 1648 Hunting 0/ Fox (1649) 8 \et this [council
of state] is not our new intended King ;. .this is but his
vicary.
t Vi'Cary, j/'.^ Obs. Also 5 wycari, 6 vicarye.
[a. AF, and OK. vicarie {vikarie^y or ad. ined.L.
vicdria^ f. L. vicdrins Vicar.] The office or position
of a vicar ; a benefice held by a vicar.
cz4ao in Test. F.hor. (Surtees) II. 119 note. Forasmuch as
I am enfourmetl that there is a vicary voide w*in your
College of Heminynburgh . . I pray yow w' all niyn hert that
ye will graunte liyrn the seid vicary. c 1450 Godstcnv Reg.
437 The lond of the vicary of seynt tiyle. .without the north
gate of Oxenford. Ibid. 580 Longyng. .to the said chirch
of Seynt Petir by the reson of tlie vicary. 1483 Cath.
Angl. i\Qifn Pi. wiyaw'it . .vicaria. 1563 Bkcon Religues 0/
Rome 254 Houses of holy church, graunges, personages,
or vicaries, or any maneries of men of holy church. 1598
Marston .Sco. yUlafiie 1. iii. (1599) 185 By chance , . [he]
Hath got the farme of some gelt vicary. 1613 R. Sheli)o>a
Serm. St. Martins 4 The ambitious Bishop and Monarch
of Rome.. in his pretended Vicary for the Messias.
171a Lond. Gaz. No. 5079/3 The Vicary, part of Killcrusaper
'Jythes.
tVi'Cary, a. Obs, rare. [ad. L. vicdn-us.']
Vicarious ; delegated.
C1400 Apol. Loll. 85 If ymagis be worschipid, not hi
vicary worschip, but by Jie same worschip of God, doutles
it is idolairie. 1660 Lloyd Prim. Epiic. 25 Putting the
J.
liand and seal of his highest Vicary authority, as God's Vicegerent,
to the resolves of the subordinate vicary authority
of the Vicegerents of our blessed Mediator. .Jesus Christ,
VicayT(e, obs. forms of Vicar.
Vice (vsis), sb.^ Forms : 3- vice (5-6 Sc.
wice), 4-6 vyc6 (5-6 ^V. wyce) ; 5 vise, wise,
wisse ; 5 vys, vijs (vyhs, Sc, vis), 6 vyss, Sc.
wya. [a, AK, and OF. vice (mod.F. vicej = Pr.
vicij Sp. and Pg. vicio^ It. vizio) :—L, vitium fault,
defect, failing, etc.]
1. Depravity or corruption of morals ; evil, immoral,
or wicked habits or conduct ; indulgence in
degrading pleasures or practices,
1197 R. Gi-ouc. (Rolls) 4025 Hit is ney vif 5er J>at we
abbep yliued in such vice, Vor we nadde nojt to done, & in
such delice. a 1300 Cursor M. 24701 (Edinb.), If ani man in
vice be cast He mai him draw fra \>^K last And be Jjat he was
are. c 1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 4116 In wham al J>e tresor
of malice Sal be hidde with alle maner of vice. 1390 Gowkr
Conf. L 7 Tho was the vertu sett above And vice was put
under fote. c 1400 PUgr. So^vle (Caxton, 1483) iv. xxiv. 70
Vyce destroyeth the myght and the rygour of the sowle.
1447 BoKENHAM Seyntys (Roxb.) 18 God..heryth alle men
gladly Wych to hym preye, puryd from vyhs, a 1500 Ratis
Ravingy etc. 3662 Quhen thai tak it our mesour. Thai
turne in wys and in arroure. 1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, xi.
(Percy .Soc.) 46 Fy upon slouth, the nourysher of vyce,
Whych unto youth doth often prejudice. 1560 Daus tr.
Sleidane's Comm. 1 19 b, That churche. . is replenyshed with
theftes, robberies, and all other kynd of vice. 1620 T.
Granger Div. Logike 123 As, vertue is to be insued :
Ergo, vice is to be eschewed. 1644 Milton Educ. 5 Instructing
them more amply in the knowledge of virtue, and
the hatred of vice. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thez-enot's TraT.
I. 104 It is impossible but that Vice must reign, where
People are so ignorant of the commands of God. 17*9
Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 109 Vice is vice to him who is
guilty of it. 1769 Robertson Chas. V, iv. Wks. 1813 V. 395
In order to avoid vice (says he), men must practise perpetual
mortification. xSai Byron Mar. Fal. 11. i. Vice
cannot fix, and virtue cannot change, . . For vice must have
variety. 1835 Ure Philos. Manuf, 406 To exist by beggary
or plunder, in idleness and vice. 1873 * Ouida' Pascarel
I. 6 You, v.'ho blush for your mirth because your mirth is
vice.
b. Personified.
c 1430 LvDC. Assembly of Gods 602 A son of myn bastard,
Whos name ys Vyce—he Kepeth my vaward. i6oa Shaks.
Ham. III. IV. 154 Vertue it selfe, of Vice must pardon begge.
1634 Milton Comns 760, I hate when vice can bolt her
arguments. And vertue has no tongue to check her pride.
17^ R. Bull tr. Dedekindus' Grobiajius 78 Oft in the
mingled Scene, I've chanc'd to see A rev'rend Vice, a grey
Iniquity. 1754 Grav Progr. Poesy 80 Alike they scorn the
pomp of tyrant-Power, And coward Vice, that revels in her
chains. 1784 Cow per yVif^ in. 106 Vice has such allowance,
that her shifts .^nd specious semblances have lost their use.
1813 Shelley Falsehood ^ Vice 11 Where .. War's mad
fiends the scene environ,.. There Vice and Falsehood took
their stand.
2. A habit or practice of an immoral, degrading,
or wicked nature,
a 1300 Cursor M, 23286 pai . . Ne wald noght here bot l>air
delices, pat drogh J>am vntil ot>er vices. 1340 Ayenb. 17
Vor prede inakep of elmesse zenne, and of uirtues vices.
1377 Langl. P. PI. B. xix. 308 pat loue my^te wexe Amonge
J>e foure vertues and vices destroye. 1493 Yonge tr. Secreta
Secret, 205 Als often (as] he is touchid wyth any wyce.
Ibid., Ofte Prayer quynchyth the Pryck>*nges of vices. 1474
CkXTOH Chesse\. i. (1883)9 Whan he reccheth not ner taketh
hede unto them that repreue hym and his vices. 1545