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polity. For example, on the southern part of the Makgabeng area, most families were of the following clans: Ngwepe, Setumu, Mojela, Ramoroka, Masekwa, Phukubje, Moremi, and so on 202 . These clans formed different communal units under different headmen who were all under the Matlala polity. The northern end of the Makgabeng area was where the subjects of the Malebogo polity resided. The clans of Manaka, Taueatswala, Moremi (related to the above-mentioned), Morwane, Bodirwa, and so on, were also divided into various communal units under different headmen 203 . Therefore, the arrival of the Bantu-speaking communities in the Makgabeng area brought new political structures according to which communities defined themselves. New identities were thus formed, while others disappeared by either being lost, or assimilated into dominant ones. In the final analysis, identities of the San, the Khoikhoi and the Bantu-speaking communities merged in what some scholars referred to as “assimilation”/ “intermixture”, to form the type of society we have today in Makgabeng. The political, cultural, religious, economic, biological, physical and other identities marking the Makgabeng today, are all results of the processes of identity formation which took place over a long period since the arrival of the first people in the Makgabeng area. Of course the environmental factors were also instrumental in shaping the identities of those occupants of the Makgabeng area. 202 Interview, Robert Manaka, Inveraan village, 29 December 2004. 203 Ibid. 120
CHAPTER 4 POLITICAL CHANGES BROUGHT BY EUROPEAN TRAVELLERS, MISSIONARIES, BOERS AND THE BRITISH, 1850’s – 1910 In the previous chapter it was shown how the environmental factors in the Makgabeng area attracted and shaped the identities of the earliest occupants: the San, the Khoikhoi and the Bantu speaking communities. Now, this chapter looks at the arrival of the early European travellers, the Mfecane/Difaqane, the missionaries’ activities and the colonial invasion, and how all these factors brought changes in the Makgabeng area. It will be investigated as to how these developments further shaped identities in that area. All these developments led to the flow of people and ideas which 121
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MAKGABENG
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There are very few written records
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said that Makgabeng means “people
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names after they were surveyed and
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This study aims to portray the hist
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In this study on identity creation
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emerging continental spirit of Pan-
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Related to this issue, is the triba
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In addition to the information of t
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in particular. These sources were u
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help to fill the gaps in documentar
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each and every approach, depending
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Like politicians, traditional leade
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conditions were not as favourable a
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with my informants and reassured th
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sent to the interviewees before the
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Within twenty-four hours of conduct
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Bahananwa and Bakone in Makgabeng a
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almost all the Black communities th
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interdisciplinary fields as cultura
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will be a weak identity 40 . People
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ule 46 . Castells sums up this seem
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information, cultures, commodities
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Identity creation through Afrocentr
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concept of centre encompasses both
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construct rational thought. Thus, t
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culture to the other cultures of th
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dependent on the nature of the cont
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contested, negotiable and construct
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others and are identified by them i
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shared identities can transcend obv
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in identities help individuals or g
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Another theoretical argument is tha
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cultural forms,… thus all identit
Page 69 and 70: environmental changes. Focus will b
Page 71 and 72: since the origin of humankind, its
Page 73 and 74: een interacting with one another in
Page 75 and 76: and 1200 metres 99 . It represents
Page 77 and 78: These names help people to define a
Page 79 and 80: C3-type grasses dominate 115 . The
Page 81 and 82: their homesteads 119 . In the Makga
Page 83 and 84: ange of wild animals indigenous to
Page 85 and 86: In addition to the contact between
Page 87 and 88: The above accounts indicate how the
Page 89 and 90: Early occupation. Archaeological ev
Page 91 and 92: San include “sympathetic magic”
Page 93 and 94: interacted with other groups, espec
Page 95 and 96: scale crisis between the San groups
Page 97 and 98: underground foods 147 . These consi
Page 99 and 100: population groups which later appea
Page 101 and 102: een any reports and evidence of “
Page 103 and 104: words, identities may be expressed
Page 105 and 106: cultural mixing and influencing, th
Page 107 and 108: As already alluded to, the Khoikhoi
Page 109 and 110: stock probably through their contac
Page 111 and 112: The Bantu-speaking communities. The
Page 113 and 114: speaking communities. Because of th
Page 115 and 116: is precisely because of the theoret
Page 117 and 118: Makgabeng area, even though the roy
Page 119: protection. The alignment of variou
Page 123 and 124: The earliest inhabitants in the Mak
Page 125 and 126: paintings they made on rocks, as we
Page 127 and 128: plains. However, it is clear that t
Page 129 and 130: establishing the South African Repu
Page 131 and 132: developments such as the arrival of
Page 133 and 134: British 219 . On his fugitive way,
Page 135 and 136: occupied areas which best suited th
Page 137 and 138: at a macro-level and also filtered
Page 139 and 140: and Batau, sought sanctuary under t
Page 141 and 142: when in 1852 when the British recog
Page 143 and 144: significance of these developments
Page 145 and 146: of Malebogo 244 . The police force,
Page 147 and 148: therefore very reluctant - if not u
Page 149 and 150: Boer triumph on the north-eastern s
Page 151 and 152: driven by various reasons, found th
Page 153 and 154: shape political identities in the M
Page 155 and 156: Why is it that you call them to liv
Page 157 and 158: missionaries shaping only religious
Page 159 and 160: military camp during the Bahananwa-
Page 161 and 162: missionaries, the Boer farmers and
Page 163 and 164: Lutheran and Wesleyan missionary co
Page 165 and 166: with its scenic beauty 276 . One of
Page 167 and 168: the expulsion of Beyer, and his rep
Page 169 and 170: chapter, however, their core functi
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Lues, leprosy and insanity - terrib
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Blouberg 300 . The British-originat
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African evangelists independent of
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worshipping (and of course, the Kho
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The Wesleyan teachings under Setumu
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(magadi). The missionaries, armed w
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know who has died up there as no he
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political and social contexts are d
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The system of polygamy was an impor
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to Desia Ramoroka 334 , her mother-
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changed as a condition of them bein
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planks for doors, but when Sack did
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ase on the south-western side of th
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The missionaries’ importation of
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y the new ones of the western docto
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as far back as the earliest occupan
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etween clearly distinguishable poli
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move freely everywhere in the entir
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The expansion and settlement of com
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ownership, and land’s related res
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Black communities, were entered int
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they knew of land being privately o
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the basis of a number of financial
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1. Baranen was originally granted t
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therefore granted these farms to th
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The fate of Blacks, which was a com
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As a result of Black issues such as
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Commissioner for Native Affairs in
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as well as sizes of farms in morgen
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were no longer belonging to their o
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19. Rosamond was surveyed by R.E. A
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new developments on their land. App
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Opportunities for purchasing land w
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B: 54/98 Taletje Ngoepe from the fa
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traditional communal tenure in whic
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The sub-Native Commissioner in Piet
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that occupation shall convey no own
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communal arrangement came under sie
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y the 1936 Act in which trust farms
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egan to sell some of those farms fo
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of deputy-chief Kgare of Moletji wh
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Native Trust and to make further pr
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occupation and ownership. This grou
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landowners, the farms in the Makgab
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Section 5(a) Black polities could b
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experiences, and this further shape
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agreeing to the contents of the min
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In the Makgabeng area, the examples
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situation exactly the same as in Ro
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Affairs, Hendrik Verwoerd 458 . The
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were now selling it 461 . On the ot
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were in this office and they agree[
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esulting in the assassination in 19
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landowners, these pioneers of the p
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The tensions which emanated from th
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Moletji 484 , even though their far
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Calvin was not only able to establi
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co-operation. For instance, they ha
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eserves could not support the 500 0
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held by the Lebowa homeland governm
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ather than the citizens of Lebowa.
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itself in which people and ideas fl
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(present-day Botswana) on their way
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whom since the beginning of the yea
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The impact of South Africa’s mine
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who became wealthy in the diamond f
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concentrate on subsistence in the r
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especially after initiation 530 . T
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Makgabeng area - the Matlala and Ma
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In the Makgabeng area, the recruitm
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In the earliest days of migrancy, w
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(both Boer and British), introduced
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ecruitment and regulation of the la
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facilities for lonely men in those
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shaped by this sharing and interact
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The costs of transporting the corps
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come to the township, the rural fam
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sheep. This accumulation of livesto
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Native Commissioner, Pietersburg, B
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cooking oil, were some of the commo
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For instance, the school, Makgabeng
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changes which some of them were tem
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addition to the communal identity c
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names in South Africa 595 . There a
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As already pointed out in Chapter 6
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purchase farms. People of different
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the same farm. However, regardless
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co-purchasers from various origins
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Mpumalanga). Makgabeng is in the Ca
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produced by labelling) 606 . For in
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For instance, Kgoši Ratšhatšha L
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eciprocal questions, “who are you
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which had to be fought against as i
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their distinctive dinaka dance form
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own families because with their new
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different tones. The main differenc
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after a number of girls 630 . For i
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we?” The answers to these questio
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study to argue about the lines betw
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purchases were the Bapedi. This is
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Africa. In the Makgabeng area, as a
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after the livestock while they also
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egarding the youth. Dolby argues th
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not only drink traditional sorghum
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BIBLIOGRAPHY A. PRIMARY SOURCES. AR
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15. Volume 113 NA533/ 03, Native Af
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39. Volume 2/2/67, Part 1, Chief Ma
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69. Volume1233, Pietersburg trading
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REPORTS • File Ref No. A2/10/3 (i
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• Anon. Nachrichten von unserer S
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7. Sania Ramoroka. 8. Nkadi Ngwepe.
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Bam, J. and Visser P., A New Histor
Page 395 and 396:
Hammond-Tooke, W.D., The roots of A
Page 397 and 398:
Van Warmelo, N.J., Die Tlokwa en di
Page 399 and 400:
Boshier, A., et al., “Mining in S
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THESES. Boersema, M., Die malopokul
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Makgabeng situated next to the smal
Page 405 and 406:
MAKGABENG TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP MOGALAK
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Vergelegen MAKGABENG VEGETATION MAP
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