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Geology and geography of Makgabeng With the notion that environmental factors shape people’s identities, geology is one of those factors as it forms the basis on which people actually settle. Almost all human activities take place on – and are dependent upon – geology. The geology of the Makgabeng area produced particular types of soils which in turn gave rise to peculiar kinds of vegetation in the area. Peculiar kinds of vegetation on the other hand, resulted in the breeding of peculiar kinds of fauna in that area. And the fauna and flora in that area became the lifeline of different population groups which settled in that area. All these environmental conditions would therefore explain the attractions of humankind to the Makgabeng area. Ever 70
since the origin of humankind, its identity has always been shaped by the surrounding environment. Human beings will not be defined as complete without the soils, mountains, trees, animals and such related natural features. Human life is impossible without these environmental features. Human beings have since depended on soil for their survival activities such as cultivating crops and settlement, and from the earliest occupation of the Makgabeng, soil was very important for both purposes. The Makgabeng mountains were not only significant strongholds for security against possible attacks, they also provided grazing grounds for livestock. They also harboured hundreds of wild animals which formed food supplements for hunting communities. Various species of trees in that area provided food for both human beings and animals. Humans also used them for building and medicine. The Makgabeng is a rugged plateau rising about 200 meters above the surrounding plains. The plateau is underlain by characteristic, fine-grained sandstone, and in some places younger, coarser sandstone and conglomerate outcrops form the steep-side spires which tower over the northern parts of the plateau. The finer sediments are thought to be almost 2 billion years old and represent the remains of fossilised pre-Cambrian desert 87 . The characteristic sloping strata represent windblown sands which 87 E. B. Eastwood, et al., “Archaeological and rock art survey of the Makgabeng plateau, Central Limpopo Basin”, The Digging Stick, 19, 1, p. 1. 71
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MAKGABENG
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There are very few written records
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said that Makgabeng means “people
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names after they were surveyed and
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This study aims to portray the hist
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In this study on identity creation
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emerging continental spirit of Pan-
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Related to this issue, is the triba
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In addition to the information of t
Page 19 and 20: in particular. These sources were u
Page 21 and 22: help to fill the gaps in documentar
Page 23 and 24: each and every approach, depending
Page 25 and 26: Like politicians, traditional leade
Page 27 and 28: conditions were not as favourable a
Page 29 and 30: with my informants and reassured th
Page 31 and 32: sent to the interviewees before the
Page 33 and 34: Within twenty-four hours of conduct
Page 35 and 36: Bahananwa and Bakone in Makgabeng a
Page 37 and 38: almost all the Black communities th
Page 39 and 40: interdisciplinary fields as cultura
Page 41 and 42: will be a weak identity 40 . People
Page 43 and 44: ule 46 . Castells sums up this seem
Page 45 and 46: information, cultures, commodities
Page 47 and 48: Identity creation through Afrocentr
Page 49 and 50: concept of centre encompasses both
Page 51 and 52: construct rational thought. Thus, t
Page 53 and 54: culture to the other cultures of th
Page 55 and 56: dependent on the nature of the cont
Page 57 and 58: contested, negotiable and construct
Page 59 and 60: others and are identified by them i
Page 61 and 62: shared identities can transcend obv
Page 63 and 64: in identities help individuals or g
Page 65 and 66: Another theoretical argument is tha
Page 67 and 68: cultural forms,… thus all identit
Page 69: environmental changes. Focus will b
Page 73 and 74: een interacting with one another in
Page 75 and 76: and 1200 metres 99 . It represents
Page 77 and 78: These names help people to define a
Page 79 and 80: C3-type grasses dominate 115 . The
Page 81 and 82: their homesteads 119 . In the Makga
Page 83 and 84: ange of wild animals indigenous to
Page 85 and 86: In addition to the contact between
Page 87 and 88: The above accounts indicate how the
Page 89 and 90: Early occupation. Archaeological ev
Page 91 and 92: San include “sympathetic magic”
Page 93 and 94: interacted with other groups, espec
Page 95 and 96: scale crisis between the San groups
Page 97 and 98: underground foods 147 . These consi
Page 99 and 100: population groups which later appea
Page 101 and 102: een any reports and evidence of “
Page 103 and 104: words, identities may be expressed
Page 105 and 106: cultural mixing and influencing, th
Page 107 and 108: As already alluded to, the Khoikhoi
Page 109 and 110: stock probably through their contac
Page 111 and 112: The Bantu-speaking communities. The
Page 113 and 114: speaking communities. Because of th
Page 115 and 116: is precisely because of the theoret
Page 117 and 118: Makgabeng area, even though the roy
Page 119 and 120: protection. The alignment of variou
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CHAPTER 4 POLITICAL CHANGES BROUGHT
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The earliest inhabitants in the Mak
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paintings they made on rocks, as we
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plains. However, it is clear that t
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establishing the South African Repu
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developments such as the arrival of
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British 219 . On his fugitive way,
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occupied areas which best suited th
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at a macro-level and also filtered
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and Batau, sought sanctuary under t
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when in 1852 when the British recog
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significance of these developments
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of Malebogo 244 . The police force,
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therefore very reluctant - if not u
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Boer triumph on the north-eastern s
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driven by various reasons, found th
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shape political identities in the M
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Why is it that you call them to liv
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missionaries shaping only religious
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military camp during the Bahananwa-
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missionaries, the Boer farmers and
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Lutheran and Wesleyan missionary co
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with its scenic beauty 276 . One of
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the expulsion of Beyer, and his rep
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chapter, however, their core functi
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Lues, leprosy and insanity - terrib
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Blouberg 300 . The British-originat
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African evangelists independent of
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worshipping (and of course, the Kho
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The Wesleyan teachings under Setumu
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(magadi). The missionaries, armed w
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know who has died up there as no he
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political and social contexts are d
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The system of polygamy was an impor
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to Desia Ramoroka 334 , her mother-
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changed as a condition of them bein
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planks for doors, but when Sack did
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ase on the south-western side of th
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The missionaries’ importation of
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y the new ones of the western docto
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as far back as the earliest occupan
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etween clearly distinguishable poli
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move freely everywhere in the entir
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The expansion and settlement of com
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ownership, and land’s related res
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Black communities, were entered int
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they knew of land being privately o
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the basis of a number of financial
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1. Baranen was originally granted t
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therefore granted these farms to th
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The fate of Blacks, which was a com
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As a result of Black issues such as
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Commissioner for Native Affairs in
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as well as sizes of farms in morgen
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were no longer belonging to their o
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19. Rosamond was surveyed by R.E. A
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new developments on their land. App
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Opportunities for purchasing land w
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B: 54/98 Taletje Ngoepe from the fa
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traditional communal tenure in whic
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The sub-Native Commissioner in Piet
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that occupation shall convey no own
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communal arrangement came under sie
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y the 1936 Act in which trust farms
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egan to sell some of those farms fo
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of deputy-chief Kgare of Moletji wh
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Native Trust and to make further pr
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occupation and ownership. This grou
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landowners, the farms in the Makgab
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Section 5(a) Black polities could b
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experiences, and this further shape
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agreeing to the contents of the min
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In the Makgabeng area, the examples
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situation exactly the same as in Ro
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Affairs, Hendrik Verwoerd 458 . The
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were now selling it 461 . On the ot
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were in this office and they agree[
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esulting in the assassination in 19
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landowners, these pioneers of the p
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The tensions which emanated from th
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Moletji 484 , even though their far
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Calvin was not only able to establi
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co-operation. For instance, they ha
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eserves could not support the 500 0
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held by the Lebowa homeland governm
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ather than the citizens of Lebowa.
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itself in which people and ideas fl
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(present-day Botswana) on their way
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whom since the beginning of the yea
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The impact of South Africa’s mine
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who became wealthy in the diamond f
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concentrate on subsistence in the r
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especially after initiation 530 . T
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Makgabeng area - the Matlala and Ma
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In the Makgabeng area, the recruitm
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In the earliest days of migrancy, w
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(both Boer and British), introduced
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ecruitment and regulation of the la
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facilities for lonely men in those
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shaped by this sharing and interact
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The costs of transporting the corps
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come to the township, the rural fam
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sheep. This accumulation of livesto
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Native Commissioner, Pietersburg, B
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cooking oil, were some of the commo
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For instance, the school, Makgabeng
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changes which some of them were tem
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addition to the communal identity c
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names in South Africa 595 . There a
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As already pointed out in Chapter 6
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purchase farms. People of different
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the same farm. However, regardless
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co-purchasers from various origins
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Mpumalanga). Makgabeng is in the Ca
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produced by labelling) 606 . For in
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For instance, Kgoši Ratšhatšha L
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eciprocal questions, “who are you
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which had to be fought against as i
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their distinctive dinaka dance form
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own families because with their new
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different tones. The main differenc
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after a number of girls 630 . For i
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we?” The answers to these questio
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study to argue about the lines betw
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purchases were the Bapedi. This is
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Africa. In the Makgabeng area, as a
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after the livestock while they also
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egarding the youth. Dolby argues th
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not only drink traditional sorghum
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BIBLIOGRAPHY A. PRIMARY SOURCES. AR
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15. Volume 113 NA533/ 03, Native Af
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39. Volume 2/2/67, Part 1, Chief Ma
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69. Volume1233, Pietersburg trading
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REPORTS • File Ref No. A2/10/3 (i
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• Anon. Nachrichten von unserer S
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7. Sania Ramoroka. 8. Nkadi Ngwepe.
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Bam, J. and Visser P., A New Histor
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Hammond-Tooke, W.D., The roots of A
Page 397 and 398:
Van Warmelo, N.J., Die Tlokwa en di
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Boshier, A., et al., “Mining in S
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THESES. Boersema, M., Die malopokul
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Makgabeng situated next to the smal
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MAKGABENG TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP MOGALAK
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Vergelegen MAKGABENG VEGETATION MAP
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