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During the 1970s Harold Pager, a renowned rock art recorder, mapped most of the sites that were known 29 . Adrian Boshier, a young Englishman, was also fascinated by the Makgabeng rock art, of which he wrote about 30 . E.B. Eastwood (rock art specialist), J. van Schalkwyk (National Cultural History Museum) and B. Smith (Wits Rock Art Research Institute) extensively researched and published volumes on the Khoisan and Sotho rock art in Makgabeng. These reports and other documents on the rock art and archaeology of Makgabeng are some of the few available written works on the Makgabeng. From an archaeological point of view, a thesis of M. van der Ryst (Van der Ryst, 1998) focuses on archaeological materials of the Waterberg during the Later Stone Age and compares them with those in the surrounding areas, including Makgabeng. In other words, Van der Ryst’s work touches slightly on Makgabeng without focusing directly on the area. The thesis of T.J. Makhura (Makhura, 1993) addresses late 19 th century politics of the Bahananwa and contains some references to Makgabeng. Reverend Beyer of the Berlin Missionary Society arrived in Blouberg in 1868 and in 1870 the first mission station was built in Makgabeng. Consequently, missionary documents such as reports and diaries were made about Makgabeng. S.J. Botha’s study (SJ Botha, 1983) documents the histories of 29 Ibid, p. 48. 30 Ibid, p. 48. 36
almost all the Black communities that constituted the former homeland of Lebowa, including on the peripheral communities such as the Bahananwa and the Bakone communities in Makgabeng. Another historiographical aspect is that in the following chapter of the theoretical discussion of the topic, vast literature will be reviewed. The literature reviewed in this section will be on various theories and schools of thought on the aspect of identity. 37
Page 1 and 2: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MAKGABENG
Page 3 and 4: There are very few written records
Page 5 and 6: said that Makgabeng means “people
Page 7 and 8: names after they were surveyed and
Page 9 and 10: This study aims to portray the hist
Page 11 and 12: In this study on identity creation
Page 13 and 14: emerging continental spirit of Pan-
Page 15 and 16: Related to this issue, is the triba
Page 17 and 18: In addition to the information of t
Page 19 and 20: in particular. These sources were u
Page 21 and 22: help to fill the gaps in documentar
Page 23 and 24: each and every approach, depending
Page 25 and 26: Like politicians, traditional leade
Page 27 and 28: conditions were not as favourable a
Page 29 and 30: with my informants and reassured th
Page 31 and 32: sent to the interviewees before the
Page 33 and 34: Within twenty-four hours of conduct
Page 35: Bahananwa and Bakone in Makgabeng a
Page 39 and 40: interdisciplinary fields as cultura
Page 41 and 42: will be a weak identity 40 . People
Page 43 and 44: ule 46 . Castells sums up this seem
Page 45 and 46: information, cultures, commodities
Page 47 and 48: Identity creation through Afrocentr
Page 49 and 50: concept of centre encompasses both
Page 51 and 52: construct rational thought. Thus, t
Page 53 and 54: culture to the other cultures of th
Page 55 and 56: dependent on the nature of the cont
Page 57 and 58: contested, negotiable and construct
Page 59 and 60: others and are identified by them i
Page 61 and 62: shared identities can transcend obv
Page 63 and 64: in identities help individuals or g
Page 65 and 66: Another theoretical argument is tha
Page 67 and 68: cultural forms,… thus all identit
Page 69 and 70: environmental changes. Focus will b
Page 71 and 72: since the origin of humankind, its
Page 73 and 74: een interacting with one another in
Page 75 and 76: and 1200 metres 99 . It represents
Page 77 and 78: These names help people to define a
Page 79 and 80: C3-type grasses dominate 115 . The
Page 81 and 82: their homesteads 119 . In the Makga
Page 83 and 84: ange of wild animals indigenous to
Page 85 and 86: In addition to the contact between
Page 87 and 88:
The above accounts indicate how the
Page 89 and 90:
Early occupation. Archaeological ev
Page 91 and 92:
San include “sympathetic magic”
Page 93 and 94:
interacted with other groups, espec
Page 95 and 96:
scale crisis between the San groups
Page 97 and 98:
underground foods 147 . These consi
Page 99 and 100:
population groups which later appea
Page 101 and 102:
een any reports and evidence of “
Page 103 and 104:
words, identities may be expressed
Page 105 and 106:
cultural mixing and influencing, th
Page 107 and 108:
As already alluded to, the Khoikhoi
Page 109 and 110:
stock probably through their contac
Page 111 and 112:
The Bantu-speaking communities. The
Page 113 and 114:
speaking communities. Because of th
Page 115 and 116:
is precisely because of the theoret
Page 117 and 118:
Makgabeng area, even though the roy
Page 119 and 120:
protection. The alignment of variou
Page 121 and 122:
CHAPTER 4 POLITICAL CHANGES BROUGHT
Page 123 and 124:
The earliest inhabitants in the Mak
Page 125 and 126:
paintings they made on rocks, as we
Page 127 and 128:
plains. However, it is clear that t
Page 129 and 130:
establishing the South African Repu
Page 131 and 132:
developments such as the arrival of
Page 133 and 134:
British 219 . On his fugitive way,
Page 135 and 136:
occupied areas which best suited th
Page 137 and 138:
at a macro-level and also filtered
Page 139 and 140:
and Batau, sought sanctuary under t
Page 141 and 142:
when in 1852 when the British recog
Page 143 and 144:
significance of these developments
Page 145 and 146:
of Malebogo 244 . The police force,
Page 147 and 148:
therefore very reluctant - if not u
Page 149 and 150:
Boer triumph on the north-eastern s
Page 151 and 152:
driven by various reasons, found th
Page 153 and 154:
shape political identities in the M
Page 155 and 156:
Why is it that you call them to liv
Page 157 and 158:
missionaries shaping only religious
Page 159 and 160:
military camp during the Bahananwa-
Page 161 and 162:
missionaries, the Boer farmers and
Page 163 and 164:
Lutheran and Wesleyan missionary co
Page 165 and 166:
with its scenic beauty 276 . One of
Page 167 and 168:
the expulsion of Beyer, and his rep
Page 169 and 170:
chapter, however, their core functi
Page 171 and 172:
Lues, leprosy and insanity - terrib
Page 173 and 174:
Blouberg 300 . The British-originat
Page 175 and 176:
African evangelists independent of
Page 177 and 178:
worshipping (and of course, the Kho
Page 179 and 180:
The Wesleyan teachings under Setumu
Page 181 and 182:
(magadi). The missionaries, armed w
Page 183 and 184:
know who has died up there as no he
Page 185 and 186:
political and social contexts are d
Page 187 and 188:
The system of polygamy was an impor
Page 189 and 190:
to Desia Ramoroka 334 , her mother-
Page 191 and 192:
changed as a condition of them bein
Page 193 and 194:
planks for doors, but when Sack did
Page 195 and 196:
ase on the south-western side of th
Page 197 and 198:
The missionaries’ importation of
Page 199 and 200:
y the new ones of the western docto
Page 201 and 202:
as far back as the earliest occupan
Page 203 and 204:
etween clearly distinguishable poli
Page 205 and 206:
move freely everywhere in the entir
Page 207 and 208:
The expansion and settlement of com
Page 209 and 210:
ownership, and land’s related res
Page 211 and 212:
Black communities, were entered int
Page 213 and 214:
they knew of land being privately o
Page 215 and 216:
the basis of a number of financial
Page 217 and 218:
1. Baranen was originally granted t
Page 219 and 220:
therefore granted these farms to th
Page 221 and 222:
The fate of Blacks, which was a com
Page 223 and 224:
As a result of Black issues such as
Page 225 and 226:
Commissioner for Native Affairs in
Page 227 and 228:
as well as sizes of farms in morgen
Page 229 and 230:
were no longer belonging to their o
Page 231 and 232:
19. Rosamond was surveyed by R.E. A
Page 233 and 234:
new developments on their land. App
Page 235 and 236:
Opportunities for purchasing land w
Page 237 and 238:
B: 54/98 Taletje Ngoepe from the fa
Page 239 and 240:
traditional communal tenure in whic
Page 241 and 242:
The sub-Native Commissioner in Piet
Page 243 and 244:
that occupation shall convey no own
Page 245 and 246:
communal arrangement came under sie
Page 247 and 248:
y the 1936 Act in which trust farms
Page 249 and 250:
egan to sell some of those farms fo
Page 251 and 252:
of deputy-chief Kgare of Moletji wh
Page 253 and 254:
Native Trust and to make further pr
Page 255 and 256:
occupation and ownership. This grou
Page 257 and 258:
landowners, the farms in the Makgab
Page 259 and 260:
Section 5(a) Black polities could b
Page 261 and 262:
experiences, and this further shape
Page 263 and 264:
agreeing to the contents of the min
Page 265 and 266:
In the Makgabeng area, the examples
Page 267 and 268:
situation exactly the same as in Ro
Page 269 and 270:
Affairs, Hendrik Verwoerd 458 . The
Page 271 and 272:
were now selling it 461 . On the ot
Page 273 and 274:
were in this office and they agree[
Page 275 and 276:
esulting in the assassination in 19
Page 277 and 278:
landowners, these pioneers of the p
Page 279 and 280:
The tensions which emanated from th
Page 281 and 282:
Moletji 484 , even though their far
Page 283 and 284:
Calvin was not only able to establi
Page 285 and 286:
co-operation. For instance, they ha
Page 287 and 288:
eserves could not support the 500 0
Page 289 and 290:
held by the Lebowa homeland governm
Page 291 and 292:
ather than the citizens of Lebowa.
Page 293 and 294:
itself in which people and ideas fl
Page 295 and 296:
(present-day Botswana) on their way
Page 297 and 298:
whom since the beginning of the yea
Page 299 and 300:
The impact of South Africa’s mine
Page 301 and 302:
who became wealthy in the diamond f
Page 303 and 304:
concentrate on subsistence in the r
Page 305 and 306:
especially after initiation 530 . T
Page 307 and 308:
Makgabeng area - the Matlala and Ma
Page 309 and 310:
In the Makgabeng area, the recruitm
Page 311 and 312:
In the earliest days of migrancy, w
Page 313 and 314:
(both Boer and British), introduced
Page 315 and 316:
ecruitment and regulation of the la
Page 317 and 318:
facilities for lonely men in those
Page 319 and 320:
shaped by this sharing and interact
Page 321 and 322:
The costs of transporting the corps
Page 323 and 324:
come to the township, the rural fam
Page 325 and 326:
sheep. This accumulation of livesto
Page 327 and 328:
Native Commissioner, Pietersburg, B
Page 329 and 330:
cooking oil, were some of the commo
Page 331 and 332:
For instance, the school, Makgabeng
Page 333 and 334:
changes which some of them were tem
Page 335 and 336:
addition to the communal identity c
Page 337 and 338:
names in South Africa 595 . There a
Page 339 and 340:
As already pointed out in Chapter 6
Page 341 and 342:
purchase farms. People of different
Page 343 and 344:
the same farm. However, regardless
Page 345 and 346:
co-purchasers from various origins
Page 347 and 348:
Mpumalanga). Makgabeng is in the Ca
Page 349 and 350:
produced by labelling) 606 . For in
Page 351 and 352:
For instance, Kgoši Ratšhatšha L
Page 353 and 354:
eciprocal questions, “who are you
Page 355 and 356:
which had to be fought against as i
Page 357 and 358:
their distinctive dinaka dance form
Page 359 and 360:
own families because with their new
Page 361 and 362:
different tones. The main differenc
Page 363 and 364:
after a number of girls 630 . For i
Page 365 and 366:
we?” The answers to these questio
Page 367 and 368:
study to argue about the lines betw
Page 369 and 370:
purchases were the Bapedi. This is
Page 371 and 372:
Africa. In the Makgabeng area, as a
Page 373 and 374:
after the livestock while they also
Page 375 and 376:
egarding the youth. Dolby argues th
Page 377 and 378:
not only drink traditional sorghum
Page 379 and 380:
BIBLIOGRAPHY A. PRIMARY SOURCES. AR
Page 381 and 382:
15. Volume 113 NA533/ 03, Native Af
Page 383 and 384:
39. Volume 2/2/67, Part 1, Chief Ma
Page 385 and 386:
69. Volume1233, Pietersburg trading
Page 387 and 388:
REPORTS • File Ref No. A2/10/3 (i
Page 389 and 390:
• Anon. Nachrichten von unserer S
Page 391 and 392:
7. Sania Ramoroka. 8. Nkadi Ngwepe.
Page 393 and 394:
Bam, J. and Visser P., A New Histor
Page 395 and 396:
Hammond-Tooke, W.D., The roots of A
Page 397 and 398:
Van Warmelo, N.J., Die Tlokwa en di
Page 399 and 400:
Boshier, A., et al., “Mining in S
Page 401 and 402:
THESES. Boersema, M., Die malopokul
Page 403 and 404:
Makgabeng situated next to the smal
Page 405 and 406:
MAKGABENG TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP MOGALAK
Page 407 and 408:
Vergelegen MAKGABENG VEGETATION MAP
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