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1 each from Botlokwa, Senthumule and Ga Mphahlele 436 . In another example, of the 47 Blacks who purchased the farm Non Parella in 1946, 43 were the Bakone, 2 were the Bakwena, 1 was a Motlokwa and another 1 a Letebele 437 . Although those purchasers in each of the Makgabeng farms were from different backgrounds, the laws required them to register under one tribal name and a recognised chief. The result was that the original identities of most purchasers had to take a back seat as the identities of the majority buyers became salient. At the same time they had to recognise the authority of the new chief under whose jurisdiction the farms were bought. The latter requirement later brought divisions within bought farms which were struggling to establish their new identities as homogenous communal villages. The joint purchase of farms by different people also resulted in the spontaneous re-creation of communal identities which had been earlier disrupted by the annexation of Black lands by the Whites through different laws, such as the 1913 Natives Land Act. As a result of the theoretical notion of “shared experience” 438 , those purchasers from different backgrounds found themselves faced with common 436 Volume 2/2/42, Part 1, Purchase of Farms Early Dawn 995 and Millstream no. 996. Bakone Tribe under Chief Sekgoare Matlala. 437 Volume 2/2/53, Part 1, Non Parella. Purchase of Bakoni tribe under Chief Matlala. 438 M. Castells, “Globalisation, Identity…, p. 7. 260
experiences, and this further shaped their common identity. This kind of communal identity was further entrenched as they stayed together over a longer period, a notion espoused by Castells 439 . The following are few examples in which co-purchasers from different backgrounds formed themselves into “tribes” and “tribal entities” under recognised chiefs or headmen in order to buy farms in Makgabeng: 440 1. Early Dawn purchasers formed themselves into the Bakone “tribe under Kgoši Matlala. 2. Kirstenspruit purchasers formed themselves into the Bakone “tribe” under Kgoši Matlala. 3. Non Parella purchasers formed into the Bakone “tribe” under Kgoši Matlala. 4. Norma B purchasers formed themselves into the Batlokwa “tribe” under Kgoši Machaka. 5. Old Langsyne purchasers formed themselves into the Bahananwa “tribe” under Kgoši Malebogo. 6. Rietterhouse purchasers formed themselves into the Mothiba 439 Ibid, p. 7. “tribe” under Kgoši Mothiba. 440 Volume I/1/350, Part 1, Secretary for Native Affairs, Pretoria. 261
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MAKGABENG
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There are very few written records
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said that Makgabeng means “people
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names after they were surveyed and
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This study aims to portray the hist
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In this study on identity creation
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emerging continental spirit of Pan-
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Related to this issue, is the triba
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In addition to the information of t
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in particular. These sources were u
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help to fill the gaps in documentar
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each and every approach, depending
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Like politicians, traditional leade
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conditions were not as favourable a
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with my informants and reassured th
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sent to the interviewees before the
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Within twenty-four hours of conduct
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Bahananwa and Bakone in Makgabeng a
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almost all the Black communities th
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interdisciplinary fields as cultura
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will be a weak identity 40 . People
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ule 46 . Castells sums up this seem
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information, cultures, commodities
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Identity creation through Afrocentr
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concept of centre encompasses both
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construct rational thought. Thus, t
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culture to the other cultures of th
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dependent on the nature of the cont
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contested, negotiable and construct
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others and are identified by them i
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shared identities can transcend obv
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in identities help individuals or g
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Another theoretical argument is tha
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cultural forms,… thus all identit
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environmental changes. Focus will b
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since the origin of humankind, its
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een interacting with one another in
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and 1200 metres 99 . It represents
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These names help people to define a
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C3-type grasses dominate 115 . The
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their homesteads 119 . In the Makga
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ange of wild animals indigenous to
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In addition to the contact between
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The above accounts indicate how the
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Early occupation. Archaeological ev
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San include “sympathetic magic”
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interacted with other groups, espec
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scale crisis between the San groups
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underground foods 147 . These consi
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population groups which later appea
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een any reports and evidence of “
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words, identities may be expressed
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cultural mixing and influencing, th
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As already alluded to, the Khoikhoi
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stock probably through their contac
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The Bantu-speaking communities. The
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speaking communities. Because of th
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is precisely because of the theoret
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Makgabeng area, even though the roy
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protection. The alignment of variou
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CHAPTER 4 POLITICAL CHANGES BROUGHT
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The earliest inhabitants in the Mak
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paintings they made on rocks, as we
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plains. However, it is clear that t
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establishing the South African Repu
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developments such as the arrival of
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British 219 . On his fugitive way,
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occupied areas which best suited th
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at a macro-level and also filtered
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and Batau, sought sanctuary under t
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when in 1852 when the British recog
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significance of these developments
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of Malebogo 244 . The police force,
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therefore very reluctant - if not u
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Boer triumph on the north-eastern s
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driven by various reasons, found th
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shape political identities in the M
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Why is it that you call them to liv
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missionaries shaping only religious
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military camp during the Bahananwa-
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missionaries, the Boer farmers and
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Lutheran and Wesleyan missionary co
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with its scenic beauty 276 . One of
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the expulsion of Beyer, and his rep
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chapter, however, their core functi
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Lues, leprosy and insanity - terrib
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Blouberg 300 . The British-originat
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African evangelists independent of
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worshipping (and of course, the Kho
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The Wesleyan teachings under Setumu
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(magadi). The missionaries, armed w
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know who has died up there as no he
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political and social contexts are d
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The system of polygamy was an impor
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to Desia Ramoroka 334 , her mother-
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changed as a condition of them bein
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planks for doors, but when Sack did
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ase on the south-western side of th
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The missionaries’ importation of
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y the new ones of the western docto
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as far back as the earliest occupan
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etween clearly distinguishable poli
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move freely everywhere in the entir
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The expansion and settlement of com
Page 209 and 210: ownership, and land’s related res
Page 211 and 212: Black communities, were entered int
Page 213 and 214: they knew of land being privately o
Page 215 and 216: the basis of a number of financial
Page 217 and 218: 1. Baranen was originally granted t
Page 219 and 220: therefore granted these farms to th
Page 221 and 222: The fate of Blacks, which was a com
Page 223 and 224: As a result of Black issues such as
Page 225 and 226: Commissioner for Native Affairs in
Page 227 and 228: as well as sizes of farms in morgen
Page 229 and 230: were no longer belonging to their o
Page 231 and 232: 19. Rosamond was surveyed by R.E. A
Page 233 and 234: new developments on their land. App
Page 235 and 236: Opportunities for purchasing land w
Page 237 and 238: B: 54/98 Taletje Ngoepe from the fa
Page 239 and 240: traditional communal tenure in whic
Page 241 and 242: The sub-Native Commissioner in Piet
Page 243 and 244: that occupation shall convey no own
Page 245 and 246: communal arrangement came under sie
Page 247 and 248: y the 1936 Act in which trust farms
Page 249 and 250: egan to sell some of those farms fo
Page 251 and 252: of deputy-chief Kgare of Moletji wh
Page 253 and 254: Native Trust and to make further pr
Page 255 and 256: occupation and ownership. This grou
Page 257 and 258: landowners, the farms in the Makgab
Page 259: Section 5(a) Black polities could b
Page 263 and 264: agreeing to the contents of the min
Page 265 and 266: In the Makgabeng area, the examples
Page 267 and 268: situation exactly the same as in Ro
Page 269 and 270: Affairs, Hendrik Verwoerd 458 . The
Page 271 and 272: were now selling it 461 . On the ot
Page 273 and 274: were in this office and they agree[
Page 275 and 276: esulting in the assassination in 19
Page 277 and 278: landowners, these pioneers of the p
Page 279 and 280: The tensions which emanated from th
Page 281 and 282: Moletji 484 , even though their far
Page 283 and 284: Calvin was not only able to establi
Page 285 and 286: co-operation. For instance, they ha
Page 287 and 288: eserves could not support the 500 0
Page 289 and 290: held by the Lebowa homeland governm
Page 291 and 292: ather than the citizens of Lebowa.
Page 293 and 294: itself in which people and ideas fl
Page 295 and 296: (present-day Botswana) on their way
Page 297 and 298: whom since the beginning of the yea
Page 299 and 300: The impact of South Africa’s mine
Page 301 and 302: who became wealthy in the diamond f
Page 303 and 304: concentrate on subsistence in the r
Page 305 and 306: especially after initiation 530 . T
Page 307 and 308: Makgabeng area - the Matlala and Ma
Page 309 and 310: In the Makgabeng area, the recruitm
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In the earliest days of migrancy, w
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(both Boer and British), introduced
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ecruitment and regulation of the la
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facilities for lonely men in those
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shaped by this sharing and interact
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The costs of transporting the corps
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come to the township, the rural fam
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sheep. This accumulation of livesto
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Native Commissioner, Pietersburg, B
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cooking oil, were some of the commo
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For instance, the school, Makgabeng
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changes which some of them were tem
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addition to the communal identity c
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names in South Africa 595 . There a
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As already pointed out in Chapter 6
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purchase farms. People of different
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the same farm. However, regardless
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co-purchasers from various origins
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Mpumalanga). Makgabeng is in the Ca
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produced by labelling) 606 . For in
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For instance, Kgoši Ratšhatšha L
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eciprocal questions, “who are you
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which had to be fought against as i
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their distinctive dinaka dance form
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own families because with their new
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different tones. The main differenc
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after a number of girls 630 . For i
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we?” The answers to these questio
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study to argue about the lines betw
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purchases were the Bapedi. This is
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Africa. In the Makgabeng area, as a
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after the livestock while they also
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egarding the youth. Dolby argues th
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not only drink traditional sorghum
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BIBLIOGRAPHY A. PRIMARY SOURCES. AR
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15. Volume 113 NA533/ 03, Native Af
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39. Volume 2/2/67, Part 1, Chief Ma
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69. Volume1233, Pietersburg trading
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REPORTS • File Ref No. A2/10/3 (i
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• Anon. Nachrichten von unserer S
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7. Sania Ramoroka. 8. Nkadi Ngwepe.
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Bam, J. and Visser P., A New Histor
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Hammond-Tooke, W.D., The roots of A
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Van Warmelo, N.J., Die Tlokwa en di
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Boshier, A., et al., “Mining in S
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THESES. Boersema, M., Die malopokul
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Makgabeng situated next to the smal
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MAKGABENG TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP MOGALAK
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Vergelegen MAKGABENG VEGETATION MAP
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