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households. The government also introduced the child support grants which also augment income in some needy families. All these forms of family incomes are mostly spent in the fast growing town of Senwabarwana. The small businesses and hawkers compete in the dusty streets of this small town together with the foreign nationals. Health and education are other identity markers which are significant with regard to the Makgabeng area. These two aspects, as already indicated in the previous chapters, were revolutionised in the Makgabeng area with arrival of European travellers, traders, hunters, and most importantly, the missionaries and colonial settlers. Today in the Makgabeng area, just like from the macro-level, there are concerted efforts to improve the quality of education. In almost all the Makgabeng villages, there is a primary and a secondary school. At Senwabarwana there are two schools for the disabled while there is also a college of education which was transformed into a community college. As far as health is concerned, people of Makgabeng still consult their traditional doctors, healers and sangomas. The new Black government also recognises the significant role played by these traditional health practitioners. Helene Franz hospital is the oldest western health institution in the Makgabeng vicinity and had been a symbol of health service since its inception in 1914. In addition to this hospital, there are clinics in most Makgabeng villages such as in Schoongezicht, Kgatu and Sadu. 378
BIBLIOGRAPHY A. PRIMARY SOURCES. ARCHIVAL RECORDS. TAB (Transvaal Archives Depot). SNA (Secretary of Native Affairs) 1. Volume 2873, Disseldorp, Jacobus Cortiaansz. Matroos Kontrakte, 1702—1702. 379
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MAKGABENG
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There are very few written records
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said that Makgabeng means “people
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names after they were surveyed and
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This study aims to portray the hist
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In this study on identity creation
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emerging continental spirit of Pan-
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Related to this issue, is the triba
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In addition to the information of t
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in particular. These sources were u
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help to fill the gaps in documentar
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each and every approach, depending
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Like politicians, traditional leade
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conditions were not as favourable a
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with my informants and reassured th
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sent to the interviewees before the
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Within twenty-four hours of conduct
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Bahananwa and Bakone in Makgabeng a
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almost all the Black communities th
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interdisciplinary fields as cultura
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will be a weak identity 40 . People
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ule 46 . Castells sums up this seem
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information, cultures, commodities
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Identity creation through Afrocentr
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concept of centre encompasses both
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construct rational thought. Thus, t
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culture to the other cultures of th
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dependent on the nature of the cont
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contested, negotiable and construct
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others and are identified by them i
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shared identities can transcend obv
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in identities help individuals or g
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Another theoretical argument is tha
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cultural forms,… thus all identit
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environmental changes. Focus will b
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since the origin of humankind, its
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een interacting with one another in
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and 1200 metres 99 . It represents
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These names help people to define a
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C3-type grasses dominate 115 . The
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their homesteads 119 . In the Makga
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ange of wild animals indigenous to
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In addition to the contact between
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The above accounts indicate how the
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Early occupation. Archaeological ev
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San include “sympathetic magic”
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interacted with other groups, espec
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scale crisis between the San groups
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underground foods 147 . These consi
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population groups which later appea
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een any reports and evidence of “
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words, identities may be expressed
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cultural mixing and influencing, th
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As already alluded to, the Khoikhoi
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stock probably through their contac
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The Bantu-speaking communities. The
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speaking communities. Because of th
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is precisely because of the theoret
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Makgabeng area, even though the roy
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protection. The alignment of variou
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CHAPTER 4 POLITICAL CHANGES BROUGHT
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The earliest inhabitants in the Mak
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paintings they made on rocks, as we
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plains. However, it is clear that t
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establishing the South African Repu
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developments such as the arrival of
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British 219 . On his fugitive way,
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occupied areas which best suited th
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at a macro-level and also filtered
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and Batau, sought sanctuary under t
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when in 1852 when the British recog
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significance of these developments
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of Malebogo 244 . The police force,
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therefore very reluctant - if not u
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Boer triumph on the north-eastern s
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driven by various reasons, found th
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shape political identities in the M
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Why is it that you call them to liv
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missionaries shaping only religious
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military camp during the Bahananwa-
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missionaries, the Boer farmers and
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Lutheran and Wesleyan missionary co
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with its scenic beauty 276 . One of
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the expulsion of Beyer, and his rep
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chapter, however, their core functi
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Lues, leprosy and insanity - terrib
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Blouberg 300 . The British-originat
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African evangelists independent of
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worshipping (and of course, the Kho
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The Wesleyan teachings under Setumu
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(magadi). The missionaries, armed w
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know who has died up there as no he
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political and social contexts are d
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The system of polygamy was an impor
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to Desia Ramoroka 334 , her mother-
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changed as a condition of them bein
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planks for doors, but when Sack did
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ase on the south-western side of th
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The missionaries’ importation of
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y the new ones of the western docto
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as far back as the earliest occupan
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etween clearly distinguishable poli
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move freely everywhere in the entir
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The expansion and settlement of com
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ownership, and land’s related res
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Black communities, were entered int
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they knew of land being privately o
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the basis of a number of financial
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1. Baranen was originally granted t
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therefore granted these farms to th
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The fate of Blacks, which was a com
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As a result of Black issues such as
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Commissioner for Native Affairs in
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as well as sizes of farms in morgen
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were no longer belonging to their o
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19. Rosamond was surveyed by R.E. A
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new developments on their land. App
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Opportunities for purchasing land w
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B: 54/98 Taletje Ngoepe from the fa
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traditional communal tenure in whic
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The sub-Native Commissioner in Piet
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that occupation shall convey no own
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communal arrangement came under sie
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y the 1936 Act in which trust farms
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egan to sell some of those farms fo
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of deputy-chief Kgare of Moletji wh
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Native Trust and to make further pr
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occupation and ownership. This grou
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landowners, the farms in the Makgab
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Section 5(a) Black polities could b
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experiences, and this further shape
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agreeing to the contents of the min
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In the Makgabeng area, the examples
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situation exactly the same as in Ro
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Affairs, Hendrik Verwoerd 458 . The
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were now selling it 461 . On the ot
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were in this office and they agree[
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esulting in the assassination in 19
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landowners, these pioneers of the p
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The tensions which emanated from th
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Moletji 484 , even though their far
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Calvin was not only able to establi
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co-operation. For instance, they ha
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eserves could not support the 500 0
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held by the Lebowa homeland governm
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ather than the citizens of Lebowa.
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itself in which people and ideas fl
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(present-day Botswana) on their way
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whom since the beginning of the yea
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The impact of South Africa’s mine
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who became wealthy in the diamond f
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concentrate on subsistence in the r
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especially after initiation 530 . T
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Makgabeng area - the Matlala and Ma
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In the Makgabeng area, the recruitm
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In the earliest days of migrancy, w
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(both Boer and British), introduced
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ecruitment and regulation of the la
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facilities for lonely men in those
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shaped by this sharing and interact
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The costs of transporting the corps
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come to the township, the rural fam
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sheep. This accumulation of livesto
Page 327 and 328: Native Commissioner, Pietersburg, B
Page 329 and 330: cooking oil, were some of the commo
Page 331 and 332: For instance, the school, Makgabeng
Page 333 and 334: changes which some of them were tem
Page 335 and 336: addition to the communal identity c
Page 337 and 338: names in South Africa 595 . There a
Page 339 and 340: As already pointed out in Chapter 6
Page 341 and 342: purchase farms. People of different
Page 343 and 344: the same farm. However, regardless
Page 345 and 346: co-purchasers from various origins
Page 347 and 348: Mpumalanga). Makgabeng is in the Ca
Page 349 and 350: produced by labelling) 606 . For in
Page 351 and 352: For instance, Kgoši Ratšhatšha L
Page 353 and 354: eciprocal questions, “who are you
Page 355 and 356: which had to be fought against as i
Page 357 and 358: their distinctive dinaka dance form
Page 359 and 360: own families because with their new
Page 361 and 362: different tones. The main differenc
Page 363 and 364: after a number of girls 630 . For i
Page 365 and 366: we?” The answers to these questio
Page 367 and 368: study to argue about the lines betw
Page 369 and 370: purchases were the Bapedi. This is
Page 371 and 372: Africa. In the Makgabeng area, as a
Page 373 and 374: after the livestock while they also
Page 375 and 376: egarding the youth. Dolby argues th
Page 377: not only drink traditional sorghum
Page 381 and 382: 15. Volume 113 NA533/ 03, Native Af
Page 383 and 384: 39. Volume 2/2/67, Part 1, Chief Ma
Page 385 and 386: 69. Volume1233, Pietersburg trading
Page 387 and 388: REPORTS • File Ref No. A2/10/3 (i
Page 389 and 390: • Anon. Nachrichten von unserer S
Page 391 and 392: 7. Sania Ramoroka. 8. Nkadi Ngwepe.
Page 393 and 394: Bam, J. and Visser P., A New Histor
Page 395 and 396: Hammond-Tooke, W.D., The roots of A
Page 397 and 398: Van Warmelo, N.J., Die Tlokwa en di
Page 399 and 400: Boshier, A., et al., “Mining in S
Page 401 and 402: THESES. Boersema, M., Die malopokul
Page 403 and 404: Makgabeng situated next to the smal
Page 405 and 406: MAKGABENG TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP MOGALAK
Page 407 and 408: Vergelegen MAKGABENG VEGETATION MAP
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