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^ DOFJRL-2001-11 Rev. N 1 Drrft B Redline/Siri{.etxtt 1 2 APPENDIX[ 3 4 DECOMMISSIONING TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 This appendix identifies industry standard technologies for decontaminating and decommissioning (D&D) nuclear facilities. The information in this appendix represents a synopsis of information contained in the U S. Department ojEnergy Decommissioning Handbook (DOE 1994). The technologies have been broadly classified as technologies associated with the following: 12 • Decontamination 13 • Equipment removal and size reduction 14 15 16 • Demolition. 17 18 1.1 DECONTAMINATION 19 Decontamination is regularly used to reduce occupational exposure, reduce the potential for the 20 21 release and uptake of radioactive material, permit reuse of a component, and facilitate waste management. The decision to decontaminate should be weighed against the total dose and cost. 22 23 Decontamination techniques are primarily categorized as chemical or mechanical. Selection of 24 the appropriate technology or technologies for a particular decontamination activity should 25 26 consider the following: 27 28 • Cost 29 30 • Surface layer thickness to be removed 31 32 • Final end state of the material surface 33 • Decontamination aim (the purpose to reduce exposure to personnel or release for 34 35 unrestricted use) 36 37 • Allowed dosage level to personnel 38 39 • Amount of secondary waste generation and treatment required. 40 41 1.1.1 Chemical Decontamination Techniques 42 Chemical decontamination techniques use concentrated or dilute solvents in contact with ^ 43 44 contaminated surface. The advantages of chemical dccontamination include the following: 45 • Can be used for inaccessible surfaces Final Feasibility Study jor the Canyon Disposition Initiative ( 221-U Facility) ^ imol I-l
I ,.,. , ... . DOFJRI.-2001-11 Appendix I - Decommissioning Technology Applications Rev.OI Draft RcdlineiStrikeout 1 • Requires fewer work hours 2 • Can decontaminate process equipment and piping in place 3 • Can usually be performed remotely 4 • Produces few airborne hazards 5 • Uses chemical agents that are readily available 6 • Produces wastes that can be handled remotely 7 • Generally allows the recycling of the wash liquors after further processing. 8 9 The disadvantages of chemical dccontamination include the following: 10 11 • Not usually effective on porous surfaces 12 • Can produce large volumes of waste 13 • May generate mixed wastes 14 • Can result in corrosion and safety problems when misapplied 15 • Requires different reagents for different surfaces 16 • Requires drainage control 17 • For large jobs, generally requires construction of chemical storage and collecting equipment 18 • Requires addressing criticality concerns, where applicable. 19 ("',20 Common reagents used for chemical decontamination include water/steam, strong mineral acids, 21 acid salts, weak acids, alkaline salts, completing agents, oxidizing and reducing agents, 22 detergents and surfactants, and organic solvents. 23 24 1.1.2 Mechanical Decontamination Techniques 25 26 Mechanical decontamination techniques are physical techniques that can generally be considered 27 as surface cleaning or surface removing. Mechanical decontamination can be used in lieu of or 28 in conjunction with chemical decontamination and can be used on any surface (which typically 29 achieves superior results). Mechanical decontamination processes require the work piece surface 30 to be accessible. Crevices and corners are difficult to decontaminate using mechanical 31 techniques. Many mechanical techniques also tend to create airborne dusts. 32 33 Industry-standard mechanical decontamination techniques are briefly described in the following 34 sections. 35 36 1.1.2.1 Flushtng with Water. This technique involves flooding a surface with hot water. The 37 hot water dissolves the contaminants, and the resulting wastewater is pushed to a central 38 collection area. This method is usually performed after scrubbing, especially on floors. The 39 volume of the wastewater can also be reduced by using a water treatment system to recycle the 40 flush water. 41 Finai Feasibifiry Studyjor rGe Canyon DispoiUion fnitiative (121-U Faciiiry) Ju ne 2 003 1-2
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AR TARGET SHEET The following docum
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(^N r^ r Proposed Plan for the Cany
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o"N DOF/RIr2001-29 Draft D Redline/
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! ' t^ Project Prepare the existing
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f ' ^ rN 100 I Noise, Visual, and A
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^ POINTS OF CONTA CP ^ U.S. Drnartm
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