PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

More documents

Recommendations

Info

13.9 CANCER AND OUR ENVIRONMENT 305 TABLE 13.13 Agents Listed in the Report on Carcinogens (8th Edition) from the National Toxicology Program, as Known or Suspected Human Carcinogens Aminobiphenyl (4-aminodiphenyl) Known Human Carcinogens Erionite Analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin Lead chromate Arsenic compounds, inorganic Melphalan Asbestos Methoxsalen [with ultraviolet A (UVA) therapy] Azathioprine Mineral oils Benzene Mustard gas Benzidine 2-Naphthylamine (β-naphthylamine) Bis(chloromethyl) ether Piperazine Estrone Sulfate 1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate (Myleran) Radon Chlorambucil Sodium equilin sulfate 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1- Sodium estrone sulfate nitrosourea Soots Chloromethyl methyl ether Strontium chromate Chromium hexavalent Tars Coal tar Thiotepa [tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine sulfide] Coke oven emissions Thorium dioxide Creosote (coal) Tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine sulfide (thiotepa) Creosote (wood) Vinyl chloride Cyclophosphamide Cyclosporin A (cyclosporine A; ciclosporin) Diethylstilbestrol Zinc chromate Acetaldehyde 2-Acetylaminofluorene Acrylamide Acrylonitrile Adriamycin (doxorubicin hydrochloride) 2-Aminoanthraquinone o-Aminoazotoluene 1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone Amitrole o-Anisidine hydrochloride Azacitidine (5-azacytidine) Benz[a]anthracene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[j]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzo[a]pyrene Benzotrichloride Beryllium aluminum alloy Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Beryllium hydroxide Beryllium oxide Beryllium phosphate Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate Agents Reasonably Anticipated to be Human Carcinogens Beryllium zinc silicate Beryl ore Bis(chloroethyl) nitrosourea (BCNU) Bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone Bromodichloromethane 1,3-Butadiene Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) Cadmium Cadmium chloride Cadmium oxide Cadmium sulfate Cadmium sulfide Carbon tetrachloride Ceramic fibers Chlorendic acid Chlorinated paraffins (C12, 60% chlorine) 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) Chloroform 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene 4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine p-Chloro-o-toluidine p-Chloro-o-toluidine hydrochloride Chlorozotocin (continued)
306 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS TABLE 13.13 Continued CI a Basic Red 9 monohydrochloride Cisplatin p-Cresidine Cristobalite [under “Silica, crystalline (respirable size)” ] Cupferron Dacarbazine 2,4-Diaminoanisole sulfate 2,4-Diaminotoluene Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromoethane [ethylene dibromide (EDB)] 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (p-dichlorobenzene) 3,3-Dichlorobenzidine 3,3-Dichlorobenzidine dihydrochloride Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 1,2-Dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) 1,3-Dichloropropene (technical-grade) Diepoxybutane N,N-Diethyldithiocarbamic acid 2-chloroallyl esterDEHP; bis(2-ethylhexyl phthalate)] Diethylnitrosamine Diethyl sulfate Diglycidyl resorcinol ether 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone [Danthron] 3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 3,3-Dimethylbenzidine Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) Dimethylnitrosamine Dimethyl sulfate Dimethylvinyl chloride 1,6-Dinitropyrene 1,8-Dinitropyrene 1,4-Dioxane Direct Black 38 Direct Blue 6 Disperse Blue 1 Epichlorohydrin Estradiol-17b Estrone Ethinylestradiol Ethyl acrylate Ethylene oxide Ethylene thiourea Ethyl methanesulfonate Formaldehyde (gas) Furan Glasswool Glycidol hexachlorobenzene α-Hexachlorocyclohexane β-Hexachlorocyclohexane γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane Hexachlorocyclohexane Hexachloroethane Hexamethylphosphoramide Hydrazine Hydrazine sulfate Hydrazobenzene Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Iron dextran complex Kepone (chlordecone) Lead acetate Lead phosphate Lindane Mestranol 2-Methylaziridine (propylenimine) 5-Methylchrysene 4,4-Methylenebis(2-chloraniline) 4,4-Methylenebis(N,N-dimethylbenzenamine) Methylene chloride 4,4-Methylenedianiline 4,4-Methylenedianiline dihydrochloride Methylmethanesulfonate N-Methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine Metronidazole Mirex Nickel Nickel acetate Nickel carbonate Nickel carbonyl Nickel hydroxide Nickel hydroxide Nickelocene Nickel oxide Nickel subsulfide Nitrilotriacetic acid o-Nitroanisole 6-Nitrochrysene Nitrofen Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride 2-Nitropropane (continued)
Page 1 and 2:
PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
Page 3 and 4:
This book is printed on acid-free p
Page 5 and 6:
vi CONTRI BUTORS PAUL J. MIDDENDORF
Page 7 and 8:
viii CONTENTS 4 Hematotoxicity: Che
Page 9 and 10:
x CONTENTS 12 Mutagenesis and Genet
Page 11 and 12:
xii CONTENTS III APPLICATIONS 435 1
Page 13 and 14:
PREFACE Purpose of This Book Princi
Page 15 and 16:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A text of this unde
Page 17 and 18:
PART I Conceptual Aspects Principle
Page 19 and 20:
4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
36 ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND EL
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
3 Biotransformation: A Balance betw
Page 73 and 74:
BIOTRANSFORMATION: A BALANCE BETWEE
Page 75 and 76:
BIOTRANSFORMATION: A BALANCE BETWEE
Page 77 and 78:
Figure 3.5 Diagrammatic rendition o
Page 79 and 80:
3.2 BIOTRANSFORMATION REACTIONS The
Page 81 and 82:
TABLE 3.4 Important Cytochrome P450
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 3.8 Cytochrome P450-catalyze
Page 85 and 86:
oth of which are suitable for conju
Page 87 and 88:
TABLE 3.6 Changes in Rat Hepatic Dr
Page 89 and 90:
3.2 BIOTRANSFORMATION REACTIONS 75
Page 91 and 92:
TABLE 3.7 Induction of Xenobiotic-M
Page 93 and 94:
3.2 BIOTRANSFORMATION REACTIONS 79
Page 95 and 96:
pyridoxal phosphate depletion by th
Page 97 and 98:
Biotransformation: A Balance betwee
Page 99 and 100:
een shown to be responsible for the
Page 101 and 102:
4 Hematotoxicity: Chemically Induce
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 4.1 Formation of blood. Matu
Page 105 and 106:
TABLE 4.2 Leukemias and Lymphomas 4
Page 107 and 108:
4.3 THE MYELOID SERIES 93 to contra
Page 109 and 110:
function and response to stimuli, (
Page 111 and 112:
Hypoxia can result from a variety o
Page 113 and 114:
4.7 INORGANIC NITRATES/NITRITES AND
Page 115 and 116:
Exposure to aromatic amines can be
Page 117 and 118:
4.10 BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION AND LE
Page 119 and 120:
4.12 TOXICITIES THAT INDIRECTLY INV
Page 121 and 122:
4.15 ANTIDOTES FOR HYDROGEN SULFIDE
Page 123 and 124:
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING 10
Page 125 and 126:
112 HEPATOTOXICITY: TOXIC EFFECTS O
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
130 NEPHROTOXICITY: TOXIC RESPONSES
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
7 Neurotoxicity: Toxic Responses of
Page 159 and 160:
ions moving out of the cell brings
Page 161 and 162:
an effect seen with some neurotoxic
Page 163 and 164:
7.4 INTERACTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL CHEM
Page 165 and 166:
• A study of the patient’s hist
Page 167 and 168:
• Although much of the damage whi
Page 169 and 170:
158 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY Fi
Page 171 and 172:
160 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY P4
Page 173 and 174:
162 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY ca
Page 175 and 176:
164 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY ke
Page 177 and 178:
166 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY Fi
Page 179 and 180:
168 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY
Page 181 and 182:
170 PULMONOTOXICITY: TOXIC EFFECTS
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
10 Immunotoxicity: Toxic Effects on
Page 201 and 202:
10.2 BIOLOGY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Page 203 and 204:
10.2 BIOLOGY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Page 205 and 206:
certain situations immunosuppressio
Page 207 and 208:
10.5 TESTS FOR DETECTING IMMUNOTOXI
Page 209 and 210:
10.6 SPECIFIC CHEMICALS THAT ADVERS
Page 211 and 212:
10.6 SPECIFIC CHEMICALS THAT ADVERS
Page 213 and 214:
animal origin have also been shown
Page 215 and 216:
The mainstay of treatment of multip
Page 217 and 218:
PART II Specific Areas of Concern P
Page 219 and 220:
210 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY continu
Page 221 and 222:
212 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Underst
Page 223 and 224:
214 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY spermat
Page 225 and 226:
216 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY gonadot
Page 227 and 228:
218 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY TABLE 1
Page 229 and 230:
Figure 11.3 Cycle of follicular dev
Page 231 and 232:
222 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Figure
Page 233 and 234:
224 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY TABLE 1
Page 235 and 236:
226 Figure 11.5 Developmental tree
Page 237 and 238:
228 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY is clea
Page 239 and 240:
230 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY genital
Page 241 and 242:
232 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY to occu
Page 243 and 244:
234 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY these r
Page 245 and 246:
236 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Two imp
Page 247 and 248:
238 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Sundara
Page 249 and 250:
240 MUTAGENESIS AND GENETIC TOXICOL
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
248 Figure 12.5 Example of DNA addu
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264: 254 MUTAGENESIS AND GENETIC TOXICOL
Page 267 and 268: TABLE 12-3 NTP and Gene-Tox Evaluat
Page 275 and 276: 266 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS 13.1 TH
Page 277 and 278: 268 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS TABLE 1
Page 279 and 280: 270 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS researc
Page 281 and 282: 272 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS Figure
Page 285 and 286: 276
Page 289 and 290: 280 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS 13.4 MO
Page 295 and 296: 286 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS make a
Page 297 and 298: 288 Figure 13.8 A genetic model of
Page 299 and 300: 290 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS Increas
Page 301 and 302: 292 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS may be
Page 303 and 304: 294 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS • The
Page 305 and 306: 296 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS evaluat
Page 307 and 308: 298 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS In rats
Page 311 and 312: 302 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS with ex
Page 313: 304 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS TABLE 1
Page 325 and 326: 316 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS similar
Page 333 and 334: 324 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS Knudson
Page 335 and 336: 326 PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF METAL
Page 341 and 342: 332 TABLE 14.2 Target Organ Toxicit
Page 355 and 356: 346 PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF PESTI
Page 365 and 366:
356 PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF PESTI
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
368 PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF ORGAN
Page 379 and 380:
370 TABLE 16.1 (Continued) Water So
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
410 PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF NATUR
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
PART III Applications Principles of
Page 445 and 446:
438 RISK ASSESSMENT 18.1 RISK ASSES
Page 447 and 448:
440 RISK ASSESSMENT control populat
Page 449 and 450:
442 RISK ASSESSMENT there are some
Page 451 and 452:
444 RISK ASSESSMENT • It identifi
Page 453 and 454:
446 RISK ASSESSMENT chemical poses
Page 455 and 456:
448 RISK ASSESSMENT • Estimating
Page 457 and 458:
450 RISK ASSESSMENT Figure 18.3 Est
Page 459 and 460:
452 RISK ASSESSMENT • As discusse
Page 461 and 462:
454 RISK ASSESSMENT divided by a de
Page 463 and 464:
456 RISK ASSESSMENT Because low-dos
Page 465 and 466:
458 RISK ASSESSMENT TABLE 18.1 Expe
Page 467 and 468:
460 RISK ASSESSMENT leading to impo
Page 469 and 470:
462 RISK ASSESSMENT characterizatio
Page 471 and 472:
464 RISK ASSESSMENT Figure 18.7 Sim
Page 473 and 474:
466 RISK ASSESSMENT The RPF values
Page 475 and 476:
468 RISK ASSESSMENT producing the e
Page 477 and 478:
470 RISK ASSESSMENT TABLE 18.4b Can
Page 479 and 480:
472 RISK ASSESSMENT TABLE 18.7 Acti
Page 481 and 482:
474 RISK ASSESSMENT A second reason
Page 483 and 484:
476 RISK ASSESSMENT Barnard, R. C.,
Page 485 and 486:
19 Example of Risk Assessment Appli
Page 487 and 488:
19.3 LEAD EXPOSURE AND WOMEN OF CHI
Page 489 and 490:
19.4 PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS: ASSESS
Page 491 and 492:
19.4 PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS: ASSESS
Page 493 and 494:
19.5 RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ARSENIC 48
Page 495 and 496:
19.5 RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ARSENIC 48
Page 497 and 498:
19.6 REEVALUATION OF THE CARCINOGEN
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING RE
Page 505 and 506:
20 Occupational and Environmental H
Page 507 and 508:
20.1 DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF THE PR
Page 509 and 510:
20.4 HUMAN RESOURCES IMPORTANT TO O
Page 511 and 512:
treatment, or medical removal from
Page 513 and 514:
Academic practices welcome complica
Page 515 and 516:
Occupational and environmental medi
Page 517 and 518:
512 EPIDEMIOLOGIC ISSUES IN OCCUPAT
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
Page 523 and 524:
Page 525 and 526:
Page 527 and 528:
22 Controlling Occupational and Env
Page 529 and 530:
22.2 EXPOSURE LIMITS 525 The TLVs
Page 531 and 532:
modified “reference doses” to r
Page 533 and 534:
observation process, followed by re
Page 535 and 536:
• Hazard-specific training to ens
Page 537 and 538:
22.3 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT 533 Conside
Page 539 and 540:
Figure 22.1 22.3 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
Page 541 and 542:
fundamental viability of the work p
Page 543 and 544:
Figure 22.2. 22.3 PROGRAM MANAGEMEN
Page 545 and 546:
• Physical assessment and fit tes
Page 547 and 548:
The study was designed to minimize
Page 549 and 550:
TABLE 22.3 Margins of Safety at For
Page 551 and 552:
top, and numerous slots with smalle
Page 553 and 554:
TABLE 22.5 Comparison of Time-Weigh
Page 555 and 556:
• Housing or building code violat
Page 557 and 558:
• Environmental exposure limits,
Page 559 and 560:
GLOSSARY Glossary absorption The mo
Page 561 and 562:
GLOSSARY 557 antipyretic An agent t
Page 563 and 564:
GLOSSARY 559 chloracne An acne-like
Page 565 and 566:
GLOSSARY 561 eczema A superficial i
Page 567 and 568:
GLOSSARY 563 hemolytic anemia Anemi
Page 569 and 570:
GLOSSARY 565 lipoprotein Any of a g
Page 571 and 572:
GLOSSARY 567 necrosis Death of one
Page 573 and 574:
pernicious anemia The progressive,
Page 575 and 576:
GLOSSARY 571 cells have both endoth
Page 577 and 578:
GLOSSARY 573 tolerance The ability
Page 579 and 580:
576 INDEX Allergic reaction (contin
Page 581 and 582:
578 INDEX Biotransformation (contin
Page 583 and 584:
580 INDEX Children’s health statu
Page 585 and 586:
582 INDEX Diet and nutrition (conti
Page 587 and 588:
584 INDEX Estrogens: endocrine disr
Page 589 and 590:
586 INDEX Hair, toxic agent excreti
Page 591 and 592:
588 INDEX hnmunoglobulins: autoimmu
Page 593 and 594:
590 INDEX Loop of Henle, structure
Page 595 and 596:
592 INDEX Mixed exposure patterns,
Page 597 and 598:
594 INDEX Nutritional deficiencies,
Page 599 and 600:
596 INDEX Pesticides (continued) Pe
Page 601 and 602:
598 INDEX Relative potency factor (
Page 603 and 604:
600 INDEX Solvents (continued) phys
Page 605 and 606:
602 INDEX Tumorigenesis (continued)
show all

PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?