PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

organ-specific activities, 63
Dust exposure, immunotoxicity, 202-203
Dye clearance tests, hepatoxicity and, 126
Dysplasia, defined 266
Dyspnea, respiratory airway irritation, 181
Echinocytes, aromatic amine exposure and, 100-101
Ecological risk assessment, vs. human health risks,
441442
Education programs, for occupational health
practices, 506
Effective dose:
defined, 4
risk assessment studies, 452454
Effective dose (ED), measurement of, 18-20
Effector cells, immunotoxicity, 191-192
E2F transcription factor:
cell cycle and, 286-287
tumor suppressor genes, 285
Elapid venoms, toxicology of, 424425
Electrophilic theory, carcinogenesis, 272
Embryo, toxic responses of, 228-23 1
Embryonic loss:
developmental toxicology, 225~-227
dominant lethal assays, 255
Emetins, natural toxins and venoms ingestion, 430
Emphysema, pulmonotoxicity, 183
Employment discrimination issues, occupational
health and, 5077508
Endocrine disruption:
currenl research in, 232-235
female reproductive toxicology, 222-223
Endocrine feedback:
female reproductive toxicology, 221-223
male reproductive toxicology and, 217
Endoplasmic reticulum, hepatocellular degeneration
and death, 116
Endotoxins, toxicology of, 415416
Enterohepatic circulation, toxic agent excretion in
liver, 52-53
Environmental factors:
endocrine disruption research, 233-235
metals exposure, 334-335
occupational carcinogens, risk assessment,
3044319
risk assessment procedures, 441
xenobiotic metabolism, 82
Environmental health studies:
definition and scope, 499-501
epidemiologic studies:
advantages and disadvantages, 5 13-5 14
bias in, 5 19-520
causation issues, 5 12-513
disease and human health effects, 5 15-5 16
exposure issues, 514-515
frequency measurements, disease or exposure
studies, 5 16-5 17
historical background, 5 11-5 12
population issues, 5 16
INDEX 583
risk assessment measurements, 5 17-5 18
ethical considerations, 5077508
goals of occupational medicine, 502
health provider activities, 503-507
attribution, evaluation of, 505-506
cadmium exposure special requirements, 505
clinical examinations, 503-504
diagnosis and treatment, 503
health surveillance procedures, 504-505
service delivery setting, 506-507
training and education, 506
human resources factor, 503
illness characteristics, 502
toxic agent distribution, 35-37
Environmental neurotoxicants, population exposure
to, 152
Environmental toxicology:
exposure guidelines, 3 1-32
as research discipline, 6
toxicity data in studies of, 13
Eosinophils, formation of, 93-94
Epichlorohydrin, sperm cell development, cell-type
specific toxicity, 214
Epidemics, epidemiologic studies, 520
Epidemiologic studies:
classification of, 5 13-5 14
occupational and environmental health:
advantages and disadvantages, 5 13-5 14
bias in, 5 19-520
causation issues, 5 12-5 13
disease and human health effects, 5 15-5 16
exposure issues, 5 14-5 15
frequency measurements, disease or exposure
studies, 5 16-5 17
historical background, 5 11-5 12
population issues, 5 16
risk assessment measurements, 5 17-518
risk assessment:
hazard identification, 443
regulatory and conservatism issues, 439-440
Epidermal tumors, dermal toxicology, 164
Epigenetic carcinogens:
genotoxicity, 273,278
mechanisms of, 278-279
promoters as, 270
receptor activation, 279
Epinephrine, antivenin therapy and, 43 1
Epithelial tissue, histogenesis, 267
Epoxide hydrolase, biotransformation hydrolysis
reactions, 7 1
Equipment factors, herbicide exposure study,
543-544
Ergot, toxicology of, 4 19
Erythrocytes, growth and development, 9 1-92
Erythropoietin, hematopoiesis, 88-90
Esters, toxicology, 390
Estimated permissible concentration (EPC),
environmental exposure guidelines with,
32-33