PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

TABLE 13.13 Continued
1-Nitropyrene
4-Nitropyrene
N-Nitroso-n-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)amine
N-Nitroso-n-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)amine
N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine
N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea (N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)
4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-
1-butanone
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine
N-Nitrosomorpholine
N-Nitrosonornicotine
N-Nitrosopiperidine
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine
N-Nitrososarcosine
Norethisterone
Ochratoxin A
4,4-Oxydianiline
Oxymetholone
Phenacetin
Phenazopyridine hydrochloride
Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride
Phenytoin
Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs)
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Procarbazine hydrochloride
Progesterone
a Color Index.
was a “cancer epidemic” in this nation attributable to environmental exposure to pollutants shown to
cause cancer in animals has been found to be inaccurate. In the absence of large percentages of cancers
attributable to environmental contaminants or occupational exposures, then, we are faced with
determining how much of our cancer risk is inevitable (due to aging processes or perhaps genetic
predisposition) or could be offset by changes to lifestyle factors such as smoking and diet.
Genetic Makeup of Individuals
13.9 CANCER AND OUR ENVIRONMENT 307
1,3-Propane sultone
β-propiolactone
Propylene oxide
Propylthiouracil
Quartz [under “silica, crystalline
(respirable size)”]
Reserpine
Saccharin
Safrole
Selenium sulfide
Silica, crystalline (respirable size)
Streptozotocin
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene)
Tetranitromethane
Thioacetamide
Thiourea
Toluene diisocyanate
o-Toluidine
o-Toluidine hydrochloride
Toxaphene
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
Tridymite
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate
Urethane (Urethan; ethyl carbamate)
4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide
The understanding of the role that genetics plays in carcinogenesis increased greatly in the 1990s and
the relationship between genetic makeup and carcinogenesis is rapidly becoming a dominant area of
cancer research. To date there have been more than 600 genetic traits associated with an increased risk
of neoplasia. This relatively recent area of research is focused on how changes in the phenotypic
expression of certain enzymes may alter the activation, detoxification, or repair mechanisms and
thereby enhance the genetic damage produced by a particular chemical exposure. Genetic predisposition
now accounts for perhaps 5–10 percent of all cancers, and it has been identified as a component