PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING 365 MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report) “Fatalities resulting from sulfuryl fluoride exposure after home fumigation—Virginia,” Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 36: 602–611 (1987). Reigart, J., and J. Roberts, Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisoning, 5th ed., EPA 735-R-98-003, Washington, DC, 1999. Ribbens, P. H., “Mortality study of industrial workers exposed to aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin,” Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 56: 75–79 (1985). Richardson, R. J., “Interactions of organophosphorous compounds with neurotoxic esterase,” in Organophosphates: Chemistry, Fate and Effects, Academic Press, New York, 1992, pp. 299–323. Safe, S. H., “Is there an association between exposure to environmental estrogens and breast cancer?” Environ. Health Persp. 105(Suppl. 3): 675–678 (1997). Samal, K. K., and C. S. Sahu, “Organophosphorous poisoning and intermediate neurotoxic syndrome,” Assoc. Physicians, India, 38: 181–182 (1990). Sawada, Y., Y. Nagai, M. Ueyama, and I. Yamamato, “Probable toxicity of surface-active agent in commercial herbicide contained glyphosate,” Lancet 1: 299 (1988). Senanayake, N., and L. Karalliedde, “Neurotoxic effects of organophosphate insecticides. An intermediate syndrome,” NEJM 316: 761–763 (1987). Senanayake, N., G. Gurunathan, T. B. Hart, P. Amerasinghe, M. Babapulle, S. B. Ellapola, M. Udupihille, and V. Basanayake, “An epidemiological study of the health of Sri Lankan tea plantation workers associated with long term exposure to paraquat,” Br. J. Ind. Med. 50: 257–263 (1993). Sharp, D. S., B. Eskenazi, R. Harrison, P. Callas, and A. H. Smith, “Delayed health hazards of pesticide exposure,” Ann. Rev. Public Health 7: 441–471 (1986). Shindell, S., and S. Ulrich, “Mortality of workers employed in the manufacture of chlordane: An update,” J. Occup. Med. 28: 497–501 (1986). Shore, R. E., M. J. Gardner, and B. Pannett, “Ethylene oxide: An assessment of the epidemiological evidence on carcinogenicity,” Br. J. Ind. Med. 50: 971–997 (1993). Swan, A. A. B., “Exposure of spray operators to paraquat,” Br. J. Ind. Med. 26: 322–329 (1969). Tabershaw, I. R., and W. C. Cooper, “Sequelae of acute organic phosphate poisoning,” J. Occup. Med. 8: 5–20 (1966). Tafuri, J., and J. Roberts, “Organophosphate poisoning,” Ann. Emerg. Med. 16(2): 193–202 (1987). Talbot, A. R., M. Shiaw, J. Huang, S. Yang, T. Goo, S. Wang, C. Chen, and T. R. Sanford, “Acute poisoning with a glyphosate-surfactant herbicide (Round-Up): A review of 93 cases,” Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 10: 1–8 (1991). Taxay, E. P., “Vikane inhalation,” J. Occup. Med. 8(8): 425–426 (1966). Taylor, J. R., J. N. Selhorst, S. A. Houff, and A. J. Martinez, “Chlordane intoxication in man. I. Clinical observations,” Neurology 28: 626–630 (1978). Temple, W. A., and N. A. Smith, “Glyphosate herbicide poisoning experienced in New Zealand,” NZ Med. J. 105(933): 173–174 (1997). United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II: Laboratory Findings of Pesticide Residues, National Survey. USEPA, Washington, DC, 1980. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), NHATS Broad Scan Analysis: Population Estimates from Fiscal Year 1982 Specimens, Office of Toxic Substances, Washington, DC, 1989. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), “Environmental Protection Agency. Worker Protection Standard, Hazard Information, Hand Labor Tasks on Cut Flowers and Fern; Final Rule, and Propose Rules,” 57 Federal Register 38101–38176 (Aug. 21, 1992). United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), “Worker Protection Standard,” 40 Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 156 and 170, 1992. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), An SAB Report: Assessment of Potential 2,4-D Carcinogenicity: Review of the Epidemiological and Other Data on Potential Carcinogenicity of 2,4-D by the SAB/SAP Joint Committee, Science Advisory, March 1994, EPA-SAB-EHC-94-005, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Office of Pesticide Programs Reference Dose Tracking Report, 1997.
366 PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS <strong>OF</strong> PESTICIDES United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage. 1994 and 1995 Market Estimates, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Aug. 1997, 733-R-97-002. USEPA OPP, Carcinogenicity Peer Review (4th) of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, July 17, 1996, memorandum from Jess Rowland, M.S. and Ester Rinde, Ph.D. to Joanne Miller and Walter Waldrop, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Vanholder, R., F. Colardyn, J. De Reuck, M. Praet, N. Lameire, and S. Ringoir, “Diquat intoxication: Report of two cases and review of the literature,” Am. J. Ind. Med. 70: 1267–1271 (1981). Wadia, R. S., C. Sadagopan, R. B. Amin, and H. V. Sardesia, “ Neurological manifestations of organophosphorous insecticide poisoning,” J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. 37: 841–847 (1974). Wang, H. H., and B. MacMahon, “Mortality of workers employed in the manufacture of chlordane and heptachlor,” J. Occup. Med. 21(11): 745–748 (1979). Williams, P. L., “Pentachlorophenol, an assessment of the occupational hazard,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 43(11): 799–810 (1982). Wong, O., and L. S. Trent, “An epidemiological study of workers potentially exposed to ethylene oxide,” Br. J. Ind. Med. 50: 308–316 (1993). Wood, S., W. N. Rom, G. L. White, and D. C. Logan, “Pentachlorophenol poisoning,” J. Occup. Med. 25: 527–530 (1983). World Health Organization (WHO), Environmental Health Criteria 29, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), Geneva, Switzerland, 1984.
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PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
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This book is printed on acid-free p
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vi CONTRI BUTORS PAUL J. MIDDENDORF
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viii CONTENTS 4 Hematotoxicity: Che
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x CONTENTS 12 Mutagenesis and Genet
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xii CONTENTS III APPLICATIONS 435 1
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PREFACE Purpose of This Book Princi
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A text of this unde
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PART I Conceptual Aspects Principle
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4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
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36 ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND EL
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3 Biotransformation: A Balance betw
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BIOTRANSFORMATION: A BALANCE BETWEE
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BIOTRANSFORMATION: A BALANCE BETWEE
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Figure 3.5 Diagrammatic rendition o
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3.2 BIOTRANSFORMATION REACTIONS The
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TABLE 3.4 Important Cytochrome P450
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Figure 3.8 Cytochrome P450-catalyze
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oth of which are suitable for conju
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TABLE 3.6 Changes in Rat Hepatic Dr
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3.2 BIOTRANSFORMATION REACTIONS 75
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TABLE 3.7 Induction of Xenobiotic-M
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3.2 BIOTRANSFORMATION REACTIONS 79
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pyridoxal phosphate depletion by th
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Biotransformation: A Balance betwee
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een shown to be responsible for the
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4 Hematotoxicity: Chemically Induce
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Figure 4.1 Formation of blood. Matu
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TABLE 4.2 Leukemias and Lymphomas 4
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4.3 THE MYELOID SERIES 93 to contra
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function and response to stimuli, (
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Hypoxia can result from a variety o
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4.7 INORGANIC NITRATES/NITRITES AND
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Exposure to aromatic amines can be
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4.10 BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION AND LE
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4.12 TOXICITIES THAT INDIRECTLY INV
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4.15 ANTIDOTES FOR HYDROGEN SULFIDE
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING 10
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112 HEPATOTOXICITY: TOXIC EFFECTS O
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130 NEPHROTOXICITY: TOXIC RESPONSES
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7 Neurotoxicity: Toxic Responses of
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ions moving out of the cell brings
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an effect seen with some neurotoxic
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7.4 INTERACTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL CHEM
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• A study of the patient’s hist
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• Although much of the damage whi
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158 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY Fi
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160 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY P4
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162 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY ca
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164 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY ke
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166 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY Fi
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168 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY
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170 PULMONOTOXICITY: TOXIC EFFECTS
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10 Immunotoxicity: Toxic Effects on
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10.2 BIOLOGY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
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10.2 BIOLOGY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
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certain situations immunosuppressio
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10.5 TESTS FOR DETECTING IMMUNOTOXI
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10.6 SPECIFIC CHEMICALS THAT ADVERS
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10.6 SPECIFIC CHEMICALS THAT ADVERS
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animal origin have also been shown
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The mainstay of treatment of multip
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PART II Specific Areas of Concern P
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210 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY continu
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212 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Underst
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214 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY spermat
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216 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY gonadot
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218 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY TABLE 1
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Figure 11.3 Cycle of follicular dev
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222 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Figure
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224 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY TABLE 1
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226 Figure 11.5 Developmental tree
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228 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY is clea
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230 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY genital
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232 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY to occu
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234 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY these r
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236 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Two imp
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238 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Sundara
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240 MUTAGENESIS AND GENETIC TOXICOL
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248 Figure 12.5 Example of DNA addu
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TABLE 12-3 NTP and Gene-Tox Evaluat
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266 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS 13.1 TH
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268 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS TABLE 1
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270 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS researc
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272 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS Figure
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274 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS Figure
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276
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280 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS 13.4 MO
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286 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS make a
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288 Figure 13.8 A genetic model of
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290 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS Increas
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292 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS may be
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294 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS • The
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296 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS evaluat
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298 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS In rats
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302 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS with ex
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Page 323 and 324: 314 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS Figure
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416 PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF NATUR
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PART III Applications Principles of
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438 RISK ASSESSMENT 18.1 RISK ASSES
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440 RISK ASSESSMENT control populat
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442 RISK ASSESSMENT there are some
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444 RISK ASSESSMENT • It identifi
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446 RISK ASSESSMENT chemical poses
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448 RISK ASSESSMENT • Estimating
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450 RISK ASSESSMENT Figure 18.3 Est
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452 RISK ASSESSMENT • As discusse
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454 RISK ASSESSMENT divided by a de
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456 RISK ASSESSMENT Because low-dos
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458 RISK ASSESSMENT TABLE 18.1 Expe
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460 RISK ASSESSMENT leading to impo
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462 RISK ASSESSMENT characterizatio
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464 RISK ASSESSMENT Figure 18.7 Sim
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466 RISK ASSESSMENT The RPF values
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468 RISK ASSESSMENT producing the e
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470 RISK ASSESSMENT TABLE 18.4b Can
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472 RISK ASSESSMENT TABLE 18.7 Acti
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474 RISK ASSESSMENT A second reason
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476 RISK ASSESSMENT Barnard, R. C.,
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19 Example of Risk Assessment Appli
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19.3 LEAD EXPOSURE AND WOMEN OF CHI
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19.4 PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS: ASSESS
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19.4 PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS: ASSESS
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19.5 RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ARSENIC 48
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19.5 RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ARSENIC 48
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19.6 REEVALUATION OF THE CARCINOGEN
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING RE
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20 Occupational and Environmental H
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20.1 DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF THE PR
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20.4 HUMAN RESOURCES IMPORTANT TO O
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treatment, or medical removal from
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Academic practices welcome complica
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Occupational and environmental medi
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512 EPIDEMIOLOGIC ISSUES IN OCCUPAT
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22 Controlling Occupational and Env
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22.2 EXPOSURE LIMITS 525 The TLVs
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modified “reference doses” to r
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observation process, followed by re
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• Hazard-specific training to ens
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22.3 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT 533 Conside
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Figure 22.1 22.3 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
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fundamental viability of the work p
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Figure 22.2. 22.3 PROGRAM MANAGEMEN
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• Physical assessment and fit tes
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The study was designed to minimize
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TABLE 22.3 Margins of Safety at For
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top, and numerous slots with smalle
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TABLE 22.5 Comparison of Time-Weigh
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• Housing or building code violat
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• Environmental exposure limits,
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GLOSSARY Glossary absorption The mo
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GLOSSARY 557 antipyretic An agent t
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GLOSSARY 559 chloracne An acne-like
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GLOSSARY 561 eczema A superficial i
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GLOSSARY 563 hemolytic anemia Anemi
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GLOSSARY 565 lipoprotein Any of a g
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GLOSSARY 567 necrosis Death of one
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pernicious anemia The progressive,
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GLOSSARY 571 cells have both endoth
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GLOSSARY 573 tolerance The ability
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576 INDEX Allergic reaction (contin
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578 INDEX Biotransformation (contin
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580 INDEX Children’s health statu
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582 INDEX Diet and nutrition (conti
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584 INDEX Estrogens: endocrine disr
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586 INDEX Hair, toxic agent excreti
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588 INDEX hnmunoglobulins: autoimmu
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590 INDEX Loop of Henle, structure
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592 INDEX Mixed exposure patterns,
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594 INDEX Nutritional deficiencies,
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596 INDEX Pesticides (continued) Pe
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598 INDEX Relative potency factor (
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600 INDEX Solvents (continued) phys
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602 INDEX Tumorigenesis (continued)
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