PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

• Environmental exposure limits, many of which are derived from the TLVs ®
• Anticipation and recognition, which involve identification of the presence of chemicals
known or suspected of causing adverse health effects and understanding of potential
exposure routes while handling the chemicals
Evaluation involves assessment of exposures using a variety of means, including
• Direct-reading instrumentation
• Collection devices for later analysis
• Observation of actual practices to determine exposure routes
Control of exposure may be accomplished in a number of ways, including
• Substitution or process modification
• Isolation of the source or the worker
• Ventilation
• Administrative controls
• Work practice modification
• Personal protective equipment (e.g., respirators)
A number of case studies were presented to illustrate the science and art of industrial hygiene.
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING 553
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, TLVs ® and BEIs, ACGIH, Cincinnati, 1999.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended
Practice, ACGIH, Cincinnati, 1988.
AIHA, A Strategy for Occupational Exposure Assessment, N. Hawkins, S. Norwood, and J. Rock, eds., American
Industrial Hygiene Association, Washington, DC, 1991.
ASHRAE, Ventilation Handbook Series, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning
Engineers. Atlanta, 1985.
Brief, R., and R. Scala, “Occupational exposure limits for novel work schedules,” Am. Ind. Hygiene Assoc. J. 36:
467–469 (1975).
Carmichael, N., R. Nolan, J. Perkins, R Davies, and S. Warrington, “Oral and dermal pharmacokinetics of triclopyr
in human volunteers,” Human Toxicol. 8: 431–437 (1989).
Carson, R., Silent Spring, Houghton-Mifflin, Boston, 1962.
Castleman, B., and G. Ziem, “Corporate influence on Threshold Limit Values,” Am. J. Ind. Med. 13: 531–559 (1988).
Commoner, B., “Let’s get serious about pollution prevention,” EPA J. 15: 15–19 (1989).
Cunningham, K., A Comparison of PELs and TLVs to Health-Based Exposure Limits Derived from the IRIS
Database, New Jersey Department of Health, 1988.
DiNardi, S. R., Ed., “The Occupational Environment—Its Evaluation and Control,” Am. Ind. Hygiene Assoc.
Fairfax, VA, 1997.
Droz, P., “Biological monitoring I: Sources of variability in human response to chemical exposures,” Appl. Ind.
Hygiene 4: F20–F24 (1989).
Fiserova-Bergerova (Thomas), V., “Development of biological exposure indices (BEIs) and their implementation,”
Appl. Ind. Hygiene 2: 87–92 (1987).
Hamilton, A., Exploring the Dangerous Trades, Little, Brown, Boston, 1943.
Hickey, J., and P. Reist, “Application of occupational exposure limits to unusual work schedules,” Am. Ind. Hygiene
Assoc. J. 38: 613–62 (1977).
Jacobs, D., and P. Middendorf, “Control of nitrous oxide exposures in dental operatories using local exhaust
ventilation: A pilot study,” Anesthesia Prog. 21: 235–242 (1986).