PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

582 INDEX
Diet and nutrition (continued)
carcinogenicity studies, 2966297
developmental toxicology, 230
metals ingestion, 329
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), toxicology, 390
Diethylstilbestrol (DES):
endocrine disruption research, 233-235
teratogenic effects, 2299230
Diffusion mean equivalent diameter (DMED), lung
absorption of particulates, 44-15
Digitoxin, in flowering plants, 419
Digoxin, in flowering plants, 419
Dihydroxy aromatics, toxicology, 384-385
Dilution ventilation systems, control technologies for
hazardous materials, 540
Dimethylaniline, toxicology, 401402
Dimethylformamide, spontaneous abortion and 227
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), toxicology, 405407
Dinitrobenzene (DNB), male reproductive toxicology,
Sertoli cell specificity, 2 15
Dinitrophenol (DNP), toxicity, 404
Dinoflagellate toxins, toxicology, 417
Dioxane, nephrotoxicity, 141
Dioxins:
female reproductive toxicology, 223
male reproductive toxicology and 217
toxic equivalency factors (TEF) relative to PCB
congeners, 466
Diquat, structure and characteristics, 3566358
Direct acting toxicants, male reproductive toxicology,
212-213
Direct carcinogens, defined, 268
Disease clusters, epidemiologic studies, 520
Disease mechanisms, epidemiologic studies and
5155516
Disease rates, epidemiologic studies and 5 16-5 17
Disposition mechanisms, toxic agents, 45553
biotransformation, 5 1
excretion, 5 1-53
kinetic models, 4555 1
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC),
autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 10 1
Distal tubule, structure and function, 132
Distribution mechanisms:
in human body, 3 5-3 6
metals pharmacokinetics, 328
solvent exposure, 372-373
Dithiocarbamates, structure and toxicity, 359
DNA damage:
antimony carcinogenicity risks, 493
apoptosis, 2866289
bacterial testing and assessment of, 252
biomarkers for, 260
epigenetic carcinogens, 273,278-279
genetic alteration mechanisms, 2455251
genetic toxicology and transcription and
translation mechanisms, 241-244
hepatocellular degeneration and death, 116-l 17
male reproductive toxicology, spermatogenesis
susceptibility, 211-212
methylation patterns:
animal studies, 298-299
epigenetic carcinogens, 279
mutagenesis research and 240
p53 gene, 284
primary damage testing, 256
somatic mutation theory of cancer, 269
Dominant lethal assays, mutagenicity testing, 255
Dose:
carcinogenicity testing protocols:
maximally tolerated dose (MTD), 2922294
number of tested doses, 295
defined 4,9
risk assessment studies:
animal vs. human dosages, 444
exposure pathways and dosages, 446449
role of, in toxocology research, 778
Dose addition technique, risk evaluation using,
4655468
Dose metrics, risk assessment studies, 4599460
Dose-response relationship:
applications of data from, 18-20
chemical composition and, 26
chemical leukemogenesis, 104
chemical-specific factors in, 26-27
cumulative dose-response curve, 16-18
descriptive toxicology testing, 27-28
endocrine disruption research and, 234-235
exposure conditions and 26-27
hydrogen sulfide poisoning, 106
lead poisoning research and, 235-236
limits on interpretation of, 20-22
organism-related factors in, 22-26
age characteristics, 23-24
chemical interaction effects, 24-25
exposure routes, 22-23
gender characteristics, 23
genetics and 25-26
health status, 26
risk assessment procedures, 438,449460
cancer risk assessment studies, 4555459
dose metrics, 459460
nonthreshold models, 4555459
threshold models, 4499454
role of, in toxocology research, 7-18
toxicity test components and 9-l 1
Drinking water, metals ingestion, 329
nickel toxicology, 342
zinc toxicology, 342-343
Drosophila species, mutagenicity testing with, 253
Drug clearance tests, hepatoxicity and, 126
Drug development, natural toxins as sources of,
43 1432
Drug lupus, immunotoxicity, 195
Drug metabolism:
biotransformation factors, 74-77
initiation and promotion, 270-272 iatrogenic cancer, 3 18-3 19