PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

Safe Human Dose (SHD) approach, 29
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs):
nephrotoxicity and 138
occupational health hazards analysis, air sampling,
536
solvent exposure, 368
Threshold modeling, risk assessment studies, doseresponse
relationship, 449454
Thrombocytes, formation of, 92-93
Thrombocytopenia:
defined, 90
platelet toxicity, 93
Time-to-tumor model, cancer risk assessment studies,
456
Time-weighted averages (TWA):
occupational health hazards control, air sampling
procedures, 534-536
solvent exposure, 368,372
Tissue organization disruption:
embryonic and fetal toxic responses and, 22%
229
solvent exposure, 374-375
T-lymphocytes:
allergic contact dermatitis, 161-162
contact dermatitis, poison ivy and 423
formation of, 94-95
immunotoxicity, 190
allergic reactions, 194
clinical assessment, 196
Toluene, toxicology of, 380.-381
Toxic, defined 3
Toxic agents:
absorption mechanisms, 4145
gastrointestinal tract, 4 143
lungs, 4345
skin, 43
disposition, distribution and elimination, 45-53
biotransformation, 5 1
excretion, 5 l-53
kinetic models, 45-51
membrane barrier transfer, 3741
active transport, 4041
facilitated diffusion, 40
passive diffusion, 37-40
safety and health professions, 35537
foreign compound absorption and disposition,
35-36
target tissue significance, 36637
Toxicants:
defined 5
nephrotoxicity and, 137.. 138
reactive intermediate classification, 83-84
Toxic dose (TD,,) levels, measurement of, 19.-20
Toxic effects, risk assessment studies, animal studies
v&s. human response, 443445
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), dermal toxicity
163
Toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach, risk
evaluation using, 466468
INDEX 601
Toxicity:
data categories for, lo-14
defined 3
mechanisms, risk assessment studies, animal vs.
human mechanisms, 444
tests, components of, 9-l 1
xenobiotic mechanisms of, 85
Toxic oil syndrome, immunotoxic agents, 203
Toxicological entity risk evaluation using, 465-468
Toxicology:
defined, 3
general principles:
animal studies, human exposure based on, 28-33
definitions and terminology, 3-5
descriptive toxicology, 27-28
dose and dose-response relationship, 7-18
dose-response curves, influences on, 22-27
dose-response data applications, 18-20
dose-response data misconceptions, 20-22
research overview, 5-6
Toxic organisms, toxin and venom therapy and
identification of, 430
Toxins:
defined, 5,409,432
molecular and functional diversity, 4 104 11
natural roles of, 411
TPHCWG method, petroleum hydrocarbons exposure
and risk studies, 484486
Tracheobronchiolar region, pulmonotoxicity,
171-172
Training programs:
carbon dioxide exposure studies, 549
for occupational health practices, 506
Transcription, genetic toxicology and, 241-244
Transfer RNA (tRNA), genetic toxicology and
transcription and translation mechanisms,
241-244
Transgenic mouse assays:
carcinogenic potential assessment, 291-292
human differences and, 298-299
mutagenicity assessment, 256
Transitions, genetic toxicity and 247
Translation, genetic toxicology and 241-244
Transversions, genetic toxicity and 247
Triazines, structure and properties, 358
Trichloroethene (TCE):
carcinogenicity, 376
toxicology, 397
Triglyceride conjugation, fatty liver, 121
Tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), male reproductive
toxicology, Sertoli cell specificity, 2 15
Triorthyl cresyl phosphate (TOCP), organophosphate-
induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN),
3499350
Tubocurarine, toxicology of, 421
Tubular secretion, kidney structure and function, 133
Tumor cell heterogeneity, neoplastic progression, 270
Tumorigenesis:
DNA transcription and translation and, 244