PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

576 INDEX
Allergic reaction (continued)
defined 5
hymenoptera toxins, 427
immunotoxicity, 194
metals exposure, dermal contact, 330
pulmonotoxicity and respiratory response, 184
occupation-related disorders, 184
Allowable daily intake (ADI) measurement, risk
assessment studies, 45 1454
Alveocapillary membrane complex, pulmonotoxicity,
gas/vapor exposure, 1788179
Amatoxins, toxicology, 417-418
Amebic dysentery, natural toxins and, 416417
Ames assay:
carcinogenicity, 273
mutagenicity testing with, 252
Amine compounds:
relative base strength, 399
relative toxicity, 399
toxicology, 3988402
Aminita mushrooms, toxicology, 417418
Amino acid conjugation, biotransformation, 74
Amino acids, genetic toxicology and, 242-243
Aminoazo dyes, carcinogenicity, 274
y-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), neurotransmitter
inhibition, 15 1
Aminopterin, developmental toxicology of, 230
Aminotransferase activities, hepatoxicity and
measurement of, 127
Ammonia, aquatic toxicity interactions, 25
Amphibian venoms, toxicology, 423425
Analytical observational studies, characteristics of,
514
Anaphylaactic-type reaction, immunotoxicity and
194
Anaplasia, defined, 266
Androgens:
developmental toxicology of, 230
male reproductive toxicology and, 2 17
Anemia:
classification of, 92
hypoxia and, 97
lead poisoning and 108
red blood cell (RBC) development and, 91-92
Aneuploidy, chromosomal aberrations and, 250
Aniline, toxicology, 400402
Animal species/strain:
carcinogenicity studies:
human differences and, 2977299
reliability of extrapolation, 2999301
xenobiotic metabolism, enzyme variations, 79981
Animal studies:
antimony carcinogenicity risks, rodent studies,
491494
carcinogenic activity, 2899299
human anatomic differences, 297-298
human cellular and biochemical differences,
298.-299
human physiologic differences, 298
relevant animal models, 297
data problems in, 14
extrapolation to human exposure, 28-33
carcinogenicity studies, reliability in, 299-301
environmental exposure guidelines, 31-32
exposure routes, 29-3 1
risk assessment studies, 443445
safe human dose (SHD) approach, 29
immunotoxicity assessment, 197-I 99
limits of, 21-22
Animal venoms and toxins:
arthropod toxins and venoms, 426427
coelentrate (cnidarian) venoms, 428429
fish venoms and toxins, 425426
mollusc venoms and toxins, 427428
reptiles and amphibians, 423425
toxic marine invertebrates, 429430
Annelida, venom toxicology in, 430
Anoxia:
neurotoxicity and, 150-I 5 1
red blood cell impairment and, 96697
Antagonism, dose-response data and, 24-26
Anthropogenic sources, metals exposure from,
334-335
Antibodies, immunotoxicity, 1922193
Anticholinesterase agents, synaptic neurotoxicity,
151
Anticipation of hazard effects, occupational health
hazards control and, 53 l-532
Anticoagulants:
clotting factor carboxylation and, 108
developmental toxicology of, 230
as rodenticides, 360
Anticonvulsive agents, developmental toxicology and
229
Antigen presenting cells (APC):
allergic contact dermatitis, 161-162
immunotoxicity, 190-191
macrophages as, 93-94
Antigens, immunotoxicity, 190
Antimony, carcinogenic risk assessment, 490496
air and soil exposure equations, 495496
human studies, 491
putative mechanisms for, 4933494
rodent studies, 491493
short-term genetic toxicity studies, 493
weight of evidence characterization, 494496
Anti-neoplastic agents. See Chemotherapeutic agents
Antivenin therapy:
horse antivenins, 423
immunotherapy techniques, 43043 1
pharmacokinetics, 43 1
reptile and amphibian venoms, 425
Apamin, in bee venom, 427
Apoptosis:
carcinogenesis and 285-289
hepatocellular degeneration and death, 117, 119
Applied dose, defined, 4
Applied toxicology, as research discipline, 6