PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

590 INDEX
Loop of Henle, structure and function, 132-133
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH), tumor suppressor
genes, 283-285
Low-dose responses, cancer risk assessment studies,
4555459
Lowest observable adverse effect (LOAEL) levels,
risk assessment studies, 451454
Lung cancer:
metals exposure:
arsenic, 336337
beryllium, 3377338
cadmium, 338-339
chromium compounds, 3399340
nickel toxicology, 342
pulmonotoxic agents and 185
risk studies of, 3 14-3 15
smoking and, 180-181
Lungs:
anatomy and physiology, 169-l 8 1
clearance mechanisms, 176 -. 178
deposition mechanisms, 176
gas exchange mechanisms, 172- 174
inhalation VS. ingestion, 174
particle size measurements, 1755176
particulates, 174-l 75
sinus cavities, 170.-171
tracheobronchiolar region, 17 l-1 72
upper airway, 1699170
clearance mechanisms, pulmonotoxicity and,
176.-178
deposition mechanisms, pulmonotoxicity and,
176
excess collagen, pulmonotoxicity and, 182-183
toxic agent absorption, 4345
gases and vapors, 45
solid/liquid particulates, 4445
toxic agent excretion, 53
Lutcinizing hormone (LH):
female reproductive toxicology, 221-223
male reproductive toxicology, 2155217
Lymphocytes, immunotoxicity, 190
Lymphoid series:
B and T cell formation, 94495
hematopoiesis, S8-90
Lymphomas:
bone marrow suppression, 1022104
classification of, 90-9 1
Lysosomes, hepatocellular degeneration and death,
117
Macrolesions, genetic alteration, 249-25 1
Macromolecules, hepatocellular degeneration and
death, binding irreversibility, 119-120
Macrophages:
formation of, 93-94
pulmonotoxicity and 177-l 78
Macrovesicular steatosis, hepatotoxicity and,
120-121
MADEP risk assessment technique, petroleum
hydrocarbons exposure and risk studies,
484486
“Mad hatter’s syndrome,” mercury poisoning, 333
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC),
immunotoxicity, 190
Male reproductive system, toxicity effects, 210-2 18
cell-specific toxicity, 2 13-2 15
direct/indirect toxicity modes, 212-213
endocrine feedback and dysregulation, 217
hormonal regulation, hypothalamic-pituitary-
gonadal axis, 2 15-2 17
Leydig cell toxicity, 215
Sertoli cell toxicity, 214-215
spermatogenesis susceptibility, 210-212
sperm cell development, 213-214
suspected toxicant list, 2 18
Malignant tumors:
defined, 266
development of, 270-27 1
vs. benign tumors, 267-268
“Malt worker’s lung,” 184
Mammalian development, developmental toxicology
and, 2255226
Mammalian mutagenicity tests, 253-257
dominant lethal assays, 255
germ cell assays, 254
heritable translocation assay, 255
micronucleus testing, 255
primary DNA damage testing, 256
spermhead morphology assay, 255
transgenic mouse assays, 256
in vitro testing, 256-257
Management issues, occupational health hazards
control, 530-531
Manganese, central nervous system effects, 333
“Maple bark stripper’s disease,” 184
Margin of exposure:
risk assessment studies, 454
risk characterization with, 461462
Margin of safety:
dose-response data and, 19-20
herbicide exposure study, 544-545
Marine invertebrates, toxins in, 429430
Massive necrosis, hepatocellular degeneration and
death, 117
Mast cell degranulating peptide, bee venom
toxicology, 427
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS):
occupational health hazards control, hazard
recognition and, 533
occupational health hazards control and 53 1
Maximally tolerated dose (MTD):
carcinogenicity testing protocols, 292-294
chronic animal bioassay, 290
Meat-processing industry, occupational hazard
control case study of, 547-549
Mechanism of toxicity, defined, 5
Mechanistic models, cancer risk assessment studies,
456459