PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

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TABLE 13.14 Continued 13.9 CANCER AND OUR ENVIRONMENT 309 Group 2A: Probably Carcinogenic to Humans (59) Agents and groups of agents Acrylamide 4,4′-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) Adriamycin Methyl methanesulfonate Androgenic (anabolic) steroids N-Methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) Azacitidine N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea (nitrogen mustard) Benz[a]anthracene N-Nitrosodiethylamine Benzidine-based dyes N-Nitrosodimethylamine Benzo[a]pyrene Phenacetin Bischloroethyl nitrosourea (BCNU) Procarbazine hydrochloride 1,3-Butadiene Styrene-7,8-oxide Captafol Tetrachloroethylene Chloramphenicol Trichloroethylene Chlorinated toluenes (benzyl chloride), benzo- 1,2,3-Trichloropropane trichloride, benzyl chloride and benzoyl chloride Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea Ultraviolet radiation A (CCNU) Ultraviolet radiation B para-Chloro-ortho-toluidine and its strong-acid salts Ultraviolet radiation C Chlorozotocin Vinyl bromide Cisplatin Vinyl fluoride Clonorchis sinensis (infection with) Mixtures Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Creosotes Diethyl sulfate Diesel engine exhaust Dimethylcarbarnoyl chloride Hot mate 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Polychlorinated biphenyls Dimethyl sulfate Exposure circumstances Epichlorohydrin Art glass, glass containers and pressed ware Ethylene dibromide (manufacture of) N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea Hairdresser or barber (occupational exposure as a) Formaldehyde Nonarsenical insecticides (occupational exposures Human papillomavirus type 31 in spraying and application of) Human papillomavirus type 33 IQ (2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 5-Methoxypsoralen Petroleum refining (occupational exposure in) Sunlamps and sunbeds (use of) Agents and groups of agents A-a-C(2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol) Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acrylonitrile A-F-2[2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide] Aflatoxin M1 para-Aminoazobenzene ortho-Aminoazotoluene Group 2B: Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans (227) 2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole Amitrole ortho-Anisidine Antimony trioxide Aramite Auramine Azaserine Aziridine Benzo[b]fluoranthene (continued)
310 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS TABLE 13.14 Continued Benzo[j]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzofuran Benzyl violet 4B Bleomycins Bracken fern Bromodichloromethane Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) β-Betyrolactone Caffeic acid Carbon black Carbon tetrachloride Catechol Ceramic fibres Chlordane Chlordecone (Kepone) Chlorendic acid para-Chloroaniline Chloroform 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene Chlorophenoxy herbicides 4-Chloro-ortho-phenylenediamine Chloroprene Chlorothalonil CI Acid Red 114 CI Basic Red 9 CI Direct Blue 15 Citrus Red 2 Cobalt para-Cresidine Cycasin Dacarbazine Dantron (1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone) Daunomycin DDT (p,p′-DDT) N,N′-Diacetylbenzidine 2,4-Diaminoanisole 4,4′-Diaminodiphenyl ether 2,4-Diaminotoluene Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane para-Dichlorobenzene 3,3′-Dichlorobenzidine 3,3′-Dichloro-4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) 1,3-Dichloropropene Dichlorvos Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 1,2-Diethylhydrazine Diglycidyl resorcinol ether Dihydrosafrole Diisopropyl sulfate 3,3′-Dimethoxybenzidine (ortho-dianisidine) para-Dimethylaminoazobenzene trans-2-[(Dimethylarnino)methylimino]-5-[2-(5nitro-2-furyl)-vinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole 2,6-Dimethylaniline (2,6-Xylidine) 3,3′-Dimethylbenzidine (ortho-tolidine) 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene 3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene 1,6-Dinitropyrene 1,8-Dinitropyrene 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 2,6-Dinitrotoluene 1,4-Dioxane Disperse Blue 1 1,2-Epoxybutane Estrogen–progestogen therapy, postmenopausal Ethyl acrylate Ethylene thiourea Ethyl methanesulfonate 2-(2-Formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole Furan Glasswool Glu-P-1 (2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3′,2′d]imidazole) Glu-P-2(2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3′,2′-d]imidazole) Glycidaldehyde Griseofulvin HC Blue No. 1 Heptachlor Hexachlorobenzene Hexachloroethane Hexachlorocyclohexanes Hexamethylphosphoramide Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (infection with) (continued)
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PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
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This book is printed on acid-free p
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vi CONTRI BUTORS PAUL J. MIDDENDORF
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viii CONTENTS 4 Hematotoxicity: Che
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x CONTENTS 12 Mutagenesis and Genet
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xii CONTENTS III APPLICATIONS 435 1
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PREFACE Purpose of This Book Princi
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A text of this unde
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PART I Conceptual Aspects Principle
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4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
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36 ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND EL
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3 Biotransformation: A Balance betw
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BIOTRANSFORMATION: A BALANCE BETWEE
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BIOTRANSFORMATION: A BALANCE BETWEE
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Figure 3.5 Diagrammatic rendition o
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3.2 BIOTRANSFORMATION REACTIONS The
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TABLE 3.4 Important Cytochrome P450
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Figure 3.8 Cytochrome P450-catalyze
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oth of which are suitable for conju
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TABLE 3.6 Changes in Rat Hepatic Dr
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3.2 BIOTRANSFORMATION REACTIONS 75
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TABLE 3.7 Induction of Xenobiotic-M
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3.2 BIOTRANSFORMATION REACTIONS 79
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pyridoxal phosphate depletion by th
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Biotransformation: A Balance betwee
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een shown to be responsible for the
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4 Hematotoxicity: Chemically Induce
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Figure 4.1 Formation of blood. Matu
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TABLE 4.2 Leukemias and Lymphomas 4
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4.3 THE MYELOID SERIES 93 to contra
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function and response to stimuli, (
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Hypoxia can result from a variety o
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4.7 INORGANIC NITRATES/NITRITES AND
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Exposure to aromatic amines can be
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4.10 BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION AND LE
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4.12 TOXICITIES THAT INDIRECTLY INV
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4.15 ANTIDOTES FOR HYDROGEN SULFIDE
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING 10
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112 HEPATOTOXICITY: TOXIC EFFECTS O
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130 NEPHROTOXICITY: TOXIC RESPONSES
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7 Neurotoxicity: Toxic Responses of
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ions moving out of the cell brings
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an effect seen with some neurotoxic
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7.4 INTERACTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL CHEM
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• A study of the patient’s hist
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• Although much of the damage whi
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158 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY Fi
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160 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY P4
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162 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY ca
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164 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY ke
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166 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY Fi
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168 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY
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170 PULMONOTOXICITY: TOXIC EFFECTS
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10 Immunotoxicity: Toxic Effects on
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10.2 BIOLOGY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
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10.2 BIOLOGY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
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certain situations immunosuppressio
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10.5 TESTS FOR DETECTING IMMUNOTOXI
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10.6 SPECIFIC CHEMICALS THAT ADVERS
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10.6 SPECIFIC CHEMICALS THAT ADVERS
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animal origin have also been shown
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The mainstay of treatment of multip
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PART II Specific Areas of Concern P
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210 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY continu
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212 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Underst
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214 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY spermat
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216 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY gonadot
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218 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY TABLE 1
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Figure 11.3 Cycle of follicular dev
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222 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Figure
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224 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY TABLE 1
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226 Figure 11.5 Developmental tree
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228 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY is clea
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230 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY genital
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232 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY to occu
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234 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY these r
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236 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Two imp
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238 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Sundara
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240 MUTAGENESIS AND GENETIC TOXICOL
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248 Figure 12.5 Example of DNA addu
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360 PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF PESTI
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368 PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF ORGAN
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370 TABLE 16.1 (Continued) Water So
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410 PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF NATUR
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PART III Applications Principles of
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438 RISK ASSESSMENT 18.1 RISK ASSES
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440 RISK ASSESSMENT control populat
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442 RISK ASSESSMENT there are some
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444 RISK ASSESSMENT • It identifi
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446 RISK ASSESSMENT chemical poses
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448 RISK ASSESSMENT • Estimating
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450 RISK ASSESSMENT Figure 18.3 Est
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452 RISK ASSESSMENT • As discusse
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454 RISK ASSESSMENT divided by a de
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456 RISK ASSESSMENT Because low-dos
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458 RISK ASSESSMENT TABLE 18.1 Expe
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460 RISK ASSESSMENT leading to impo
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462 RISK ASSESSMENT characterizatio
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464 RISK ASSESSMENT Figure 18.7 Sim
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466 RISK ASSESSMENT The RPF values
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468 RISK ASSESSMENT producing the e
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470 RISK ASSESSMENT TABLE 18.4b Can
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472 RISK ASSESSMENT TABLE 18.7 Acti
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474 RISK ASSESSMENT A second reason
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476 RISK ASSESSMENT Barnard, R. C.,
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19 Example of Risk Assessment Appli
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19.3 LEAD EXPOSURE AND WOMEN OF CHI
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19.4 PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS: ASSESS
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19.4 PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS: ASSESS
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19.5 RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ARSENIC 48
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19.5 RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ARSENIC 48
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19.6 REEVALUATION OF THE CARCINOGEN
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING RE
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20 Occupational and Environmental H
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20.1 DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF THE PR
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20.4 HUMAN RESOURCES IMPORTANT TO O
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treatment, or medical removal from
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Academic practices welcome complica
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Occupational and environmental medi
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512 EPIDEMIOLOGIC ISSUES IN OCCUPAT
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22 Controlling Occupational and Env
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22.2 EXPOSURE LIMITS 525 The TLVs
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modified “reference doses” to r
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observation process, followed by re
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• Hazard-specific training to ens
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22.3 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT 533 Conside
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Figure 22.1 22.3 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
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fundamental viability of the work p
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Figure 22.2. 22.3 PROGRAM MANAGEMEN
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• Physical assessment and fit tes
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The study was designed to minimize
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TABLE 22.3 Margins of Safety at For
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top, and numerous slots with smalle
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TABLE 22.5 Comparison of Time-Weigh
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• Housing or building code violat
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• Environmental exposure limits,
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GLOSSARY Glossary absorption The mo
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GLOSSARY 557 antipyretic An agent t
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GLOSSARY 559 chloracne An acne-like
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GLOSSARY 561 eczema A superficial i
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GLOSSARY 563 hemolytic anemia Anemi
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GLOSSARY 565 lipoprotein Any of a g
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GLOSSARY 567 necrosis Death of one
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pernicious anemia The progressive,
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GLOSSARY 571 cells have both endoth
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GLOSSARY 573 tolerance The ability
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576 INDEX Allergic reaction (contin
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578 INDEX Biotransformation (contin
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580 INDEX Children’s health statu
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582 INDEX Diet and nutrition (conti
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584 INDEX Estrogens: endocrine disr
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586 INDEX Hair, toxic agent excreti
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588 INDEX hnmunoglobulins: autoimmu
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590 INDEX Loop of Henle, structure
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592 INDEX Mixed exposure patterns,
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594 INDEX Nutritional deficiencies,
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596 INDEX Pesticides (continued) Pe
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598 INDEX Relative potency factor (
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600 INDEX Solvents (continued) phys
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602 INDEX Tumorigenesis (continued)
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