PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

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TABLE 16.1 Physicochemical Properties of Representative Solvents and Related Materials Water Solubility (mg/L) Vapor Density Specific Gravity Vapor Pressure (mm Hg) Boiling Point (°F) Melting Point (°F) Molecular Weight (g/mol) Chemical CAS No. Molecular Formula Halogenated Carbon tetrachloride 56-23-5 CCl4 153.8 –9 170 91 793 5.32 1.59 Chloroform 67-66-3 CHCl3 119.4 –82 143 160 7,920 4.12 1.48 Methyl bromide 74-83-9 CH3Br 95.0 –137 38 1,444 900 3.36 1.73 Methyl chloride 74-87-3 CH3Cl 50.5 –144 –12 3,800 15,200 2.15 ND a Methylene chloride 75-09-2 CH2Cl2 62.5 –139 104 350 13,000 ND 1.33 Trichloroethene 79-01-6 C2HCl3 131.4 –99 189 58 1,100 4.53 1.5 Vinyl chloride 75-01-4 CH2CHCl 84.9 –256 7 3.3 2,760 1.78 0.91 Nonhalogenated Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 CH3CHO 44.1 –190 69 740 Miscible 1.52 0.79 Acetone 67-64-1 (CH3)2CO 58.1 –140 133 180 Miscible ND 0.79 Acrolein 107-02-8 C2H3CHO 56.1 –126 127 210 208,000 1.94 0.84 Aniline 62-53-3 C6H5NH2 93.1 21 363 0.6 34,000 3.22 1.02 Benzene 71-43-2 C6H6 78.1 42 176 75 1,750 2.7 0.88 Benzidine 92-87-5 NH2(C6H4)2NH2 184.3 239 752 low 400 6.36 1.25 Benzo(a)pyrene 50-32-8 C20H12 252 179 >360 >1 0.00162 8.7 1.35 Carbon disulfide 75-15-0 CS2 76.1 –169 116 297 1,190 2.67 1.26 Dimethylaniline 121-69-7 C6H5N(CH3)2 121.2 36 378 1 1,450 4.17 0.96 1,4-Dioxane 123-91-1 C4H8O2 88.2 50 213 30 Miscible 3.03 1.03 Ethanol 64-17-5 C2H5OH 46.1 –173 173 44 Miscible 1.59 0.79 Ethyl acetate 141-78-6 C4H8O2 88.1 –118 171 100 64,000 3 0.89 Ethyl ether 60-29-7 (C2H5)2O 74.1 –177 94 440 69,000 2.55 0.71 Ethylene glycol 107-21-1 C2H4(OH)2 62.1 9 388 0.06 1,000 2.14 1.11 Formaldehyde 50-00-0 HCHO 30.0 –134 –6
370 TABLE 16.1 (Continued) Water Solubility (mg/L) Vapor Density Specific Gravity Vapor Pressure (mm Hg) Boiling Point (°F) Melting Point (°F) Molecular Weight (g/mol) Chemical CAS No. Molecular Formula Methanol 67-56-1 CH3OH 32.1 –144 147 96 Miscible ND 0.79 Methyl ethyl ketone 78-93-3 CH3OC2H5 72.1 –86.3 79.6 77.5 353,000 (10°C) 2.41 0.81 Naphthalene 91-20-3 C10H8 128.2 176 424 0.08 31 4.42 1.15 Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 C6H5NO2 123.1 42 411 0.3 (77°F) 2,090 4.3 1.2 Nitromethane 75-52-5 CH3NO2 61.0 –20 214 28 110,000 2.11 1.14 Phenol 108-95-2 C6H5OH 94.1 109 359 0.4 82,800 3.24 1.06 Pyridine 110-86-1 C5H5N 79.1 –44 240 16 Miscible 2.72 0.98 Styrene 100-42-5 C6H5(C2H4) 104.2 –23 293 5 310 3.6 0.91 Tetrahydrofuran 109-99-9 C4H8O 72.1 –163 150 131 Miscible 2.5 0.89 Toluene 108-88-3 C6H5CH3 92.1 –139 232 21 526 3.2 0.87 a No data.
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PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
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This book is printed on acid-free p
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vi CONTRI BUTORS PAUL J. MIDDENDORF
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viii CONTENTS 4 Hematotoxicity: Che
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x CONTENTS 12 Mutagenesis and Genet
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xii CONTENTS III APPLICATIONS 435 1
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PREFACE Purpose of This Book Princi
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A text of this unde
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PART I Conceptual Aspects Principle
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4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
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36 ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND EL
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3 Biotransformation: A Balance betw
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BIOTRANSFORMATION: A BALANCE BETWEE
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BIOTRANSFORMATION: A BALANCE BETWEE
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Figure 3.5 Diagrammatic rendition o
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3.2 BIOTRANSFORMATION REACTIONS The
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TABLE 3.4 Important Cytochrome P450
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Figure 3.8 Cytochrome P450-catalyze
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oth of which are suitable for conju
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TABLE 3.6 Changes in Rat Hepatic Dr
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3.2 BIOTRANSFORMATION REACTIONS 75
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TABLE 3.7 Induction of Xenobiotic-M
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3.2 BIOTRANSFORMATION REACTIONS 79
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pyridoxal phosphate depletion by th
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Biotransformation: A Balance betwee
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een shown to be responsible for the
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4 Hematotoxicity: Chemically Induce
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Figure 4.1 Formation of blood. Matu
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TABLE 4.2 Leukemias and Lymphomas 4
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4.3 THE MYELOID SERIES 93 to contra
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function and response to stimuli, (
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Hypoxia can result from a variety o
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4.7 INORGANIC NITRATES/NITRITES AND
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Exposure to aromatic amines can be
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4.10 BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION AND LE
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4.12 TOXICITIES THAT INDIRECTLY INV
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4.15 ANTIDOTES FOR HYDROGEN SULFIDE
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING 10
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112 HEPATOTOXICITY: TOXIC EFFECTS O
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130 NEPHROTOXICITY: TOXIC RESPONSES
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7 Neurotoxicity: Toxic Responses of
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ions moving out of the cell brings
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an effect seen with some neurotoxic
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7.4 INTERACTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL CHEM
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• A study of the patient’s hist
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• Although much of the damage whi
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158 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY Fi
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160 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY P4
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162 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY ca
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164 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY ke
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166 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY Fi
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168 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY
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170 PULMONOTOXICITY: TOXIC EFFECTS
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10 Immunotoxicity: Toxic Effects on
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10.2 BIOLOGY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
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10.2 BIOLOGY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
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certain situations immunosuppressio
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10.5 TESTS FOR DETECTING IMMUNOTOXI
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10.6 SPECIFIC CHEMICALS THAT ADVERS
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10.6 SPECIFIC CHEMICALS THAT ADVERS
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animal origin have also been shown
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The mainstay of treatment of multip
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PART II Specific Areas of Concern P
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210 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY continu
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212 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Underst
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214 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY spermat
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216 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY gonadot
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218 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY TABLE 1
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Figure 11.3 Cycle of follicular dev
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222 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Figure
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224 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY TABLE 1
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226 Figure 11.5 Developmental tree
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228 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY is clea
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230 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY genital
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232 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY to occu
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234 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY these r
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236 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Two imp
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238 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Sundara
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240 MUTAGENESIS AND GENETIC TOXICOL
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248 Figure 12.5 Example of DNA addu
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TABLE 12-3 NTP and Gene-Tox Evaluat
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266 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS 13.1 TH
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268 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS TABLE 1
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270 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS researc
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272 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS Figure
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276
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280 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS 13.4 MO
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286 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS make a
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288 Figure 13.8 A genetic model of
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290 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS Increas
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292 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS may be
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294 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS • The
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296 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS evaluat
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298 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS In rats
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302 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS with ex
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316 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS similar
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420 PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF NATUR
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PART III Applications Principles of
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438 RISK ASSESSMENT 18.1 RISK ASSES
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440 RISK ASSESSMENT control populat
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442 RISK ASSESSMENT there are some
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444 RISK ASSESSMENT • It identifi
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446 RISK ASSESSMENT chemical poses
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448 RISK ASSESSMENT • Estimating
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450 RISK ASSESSMENT Figure 18.3 Est
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452 RISK ASSESSMENT • As discusse
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454 RISK ASSESSMENT divided by a de
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456 RISK ASSESSMENT Because low-dos
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458 RISK ASSESSMENT TABLE 18.1 Expe
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460 RISK ASSESSMENT leading to impo
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462 RISK ASSESSMENT characterizatio
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464 RISK ASSESSMENT Figure 18.7 Sim
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466 RISK ASSESSMENT The RPF values
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468 RISK ASSESSMENT producing the e
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470 RISK ASSESSMENT TABLE 18.4b Can
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472 RISK ASSESSMENT TABLE 18.7 Acti
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474 RISK ASSESSMENT A second reason
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476 RISK ASSESSMENT Barnard, R. C.,
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19 Example of Risk Assessment Appli
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19.3 LEAD EXPOSURE AND WOMEN OF CHI
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19.4 PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS: ASSESS
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19.4 PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS: ASSESS
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19.5 RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ARSENIC 48
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19.5 RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ARSENIC 48
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19.6 REEVALUATION OF THE CARCINOGEN
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING RE
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20 Occupational and Environmental H
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20.1 DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF THE PR
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20.4 HUMAN RESOURCES IMPORTANT TO O
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treatment, or medical removal from
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Academic practices welcome complica
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Occupational and environmental medi
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512 EPIDEMIOLOGIC ISSUES IN OCCUPAT
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22 Controlling Occupational and Env
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22.2 EXPOSURE LIMITS 525 The TLVs
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modified “reference doses” to r
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observation process, followed by re
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• Hazard-specific training to ens
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22.3 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT 533 Conside
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Figure 22.1 22.3 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
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fundamental viability of the work p
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Figure 22.2. 22.3 PROGRAM MANAGEMEN
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• Physical assessment and fit tes
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The study was designed to minimize
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TABLE 22.3 Margins of Safety at For
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top, and numerous slots with smalle
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TABLE 22.5 Comparison of Time-Weigh
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• Housing or building code violat
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• Environmental exposure limits,
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GLOSSARY Glossary absorption The mo
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GLOSSARY 557 antipyretic An agent t
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GLOSSARY 559 chloracne An acne-like
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GLOSSARY 561 eczema A superficial i
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GLOSSARY 563 hemolytic anemia Anemi
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GLOSSARY 565 lipoprotein Any of a g
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GLOSSARY 567 necrosis Death of one
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pernicious anemia The progressive,
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GLOSSARY 571 cells have both endoth
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GLOSSARY 573 tolerance The ability
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576 INDEX Allergic reaction (contin
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578 INDEX Biotransformation (contin
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580 INDEX Children’s health statu
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582 INDEX Diet and nutrition (conti
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584 INDEX Estrogens: endocrine disr
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586 INDEX Hair, toxic agent excreti
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588 INDEX hnmunoglobulins: autoimmu
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590 INDEX Loop of Henle, structure
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592 INDEX Mixed exposure patterns,
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594 INDEX Nutritional deficiencies,
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596 INDEX Pesticides (continued) Pe
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598 INDEX Relative potency factor (
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600 INDEX Solvents (continued) phys
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602 INDEX Tumorigenesis (continued)
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