PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

596 INDEX
Pesticides (continued)
Petroleum hydrocarbons, exposure and risk
assessment studies, 483-486
p53 gene:
apoptosis, 2866289
cell life and death and, 284
short-term cancer bioassays, 291.-292
Phagocytosis, membrane transport of toxic agents, 41
Pharmacokinetics:
metals, 328-33 1
absorption and distribution, 328
dermal exposure, 329-330
excretion, 330-33 1
inhalation, 328-329
metabolism and storage, 330
oral ingestion, 329
natural toxins and venoms, 43 1
organochlorine insectides, 352
Phenols:
nephrotoxicity, 141
toxicology, 384-385
Phenylacetic acid conjugation, in primates,
physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) models,
50 -51
Phenytoin, fetal hydantoin syndrome and 229
pH levels:
nephrotoxicity measurement, 137
toxic agent absorption, gastrointestinal tract,
4243
Phosgene, pulmonary edema and, 183-l 84
Phospholipasc A, hymenoptera toxicology, 427
Phosphoslipidosis, fatty liver, 121
3’-Phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphosulfate (PAPS)
cofactor, biotransformation reactions, 72
Photosensitivity, dermal toxicity 1644165
Phthalates:
ester compounds, toxicology, 390
male reproductive toxicology, 2 13
Sertoli cell specificity, 2 15
spontaneous abortion and, 227
Physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) models:
risk assessment studies:
dose metrics, 460
dose-response relationships, 454
exposure pathways and dosages, 449
toxic agent distribution, 49-5 1
Phytoestrogens, endocrine disruption research,
232 -235
Pigment disturbances, dermal toxicity, 164
Pigment-induced nephropathy, nephrotoxic agents,
141
Pinocytosis, membrane transport of toxic agents, 41
Piperidine alkaloids, fire ant venom, 427
Pit vipers, venom toxicology, 423424
Placental cord blood sampling, mutagenicity testing,
254
Plant assays, mutagenicity testing with, 253
Plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay, animal models of
immunotoxicity, 1988199
Plasma membrane, hepatocellular degeneration and
death, 116
Platelets:
aggregation mechanisms, 93
formation of, 92-93
Pneumoconiosis, industrial-related exposure, 18 1
Pneumonitis, beryllium exposure, 337-338
Point mutations:
chromosomes, 250.-251
genetic alteration and 246-247
mechanisms of, 25 1
Poison ivy, contact dermatitis, 422--423
Poisons, defined, 409
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs):
endocrine disruption research, 2333235
male reproductive toxicology and 217
toxic equivalency factors (TEF) relative to dioxin,
466
Polychlorinated dibenzofmans (PCDFs), endocrine
disruption research, 233-235
Polychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins, immunotoxicity,
202
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH):
carcinogenicity, 274
diet sources, 3 17
developmental toxicology and, 230
genetic alteration and 247
skin cancer, 164
toxic agents, 2 19
toxicology, 381-382
xenobiotic metabolism, enzyme activity, 75-76
Polycythemia, erythropoietin inhibition, 88-90
Polymorphism:
carcinogenic agents, 3 13
xenobiotic metabolism, human variations in, 80-8 1
Population identification:
epidemiologic studies, size as factor in, 520
in epidemiologic studies, selection bias, 519-520
epidemiologic studies and, 5 16
risk assessment procedures, 440441
Pores of Kohn, pulmonotoxicity, 173
Porphyrins, toxicology of, 354
Portals of entry, biotransformation sites, 62
Portal triad, liver morphology, 1133114
Portuguese man-o’-war, venom toxicology, 428429
Positive cooperativity hemoglobin structure, 96
Potassium ions, action potential mechanisms,
1466147
Potentiation, dose-response data and 24-26
Pralidoxime, organophosphate/carbamate pesticides
exposure treatment, 351
Pregnancy:
female reproductive toxicology, 223
lead exposure during, risk assessment of, 481.-483
Prevalence data, epidemiologic studies, 5 16-5 17
Primary carcinogens, defined, 268
Primary irritants, contact dermatitis, 161
Probabilistic risk assessment, vs. deterministic risk
assessment, 462464