PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

406 PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Figure 16.36 Dimethyl sulfoxide.
Signs and symptoms have pointed to the fact that dimethyl sulfoxide has systemic effects on the hepatic
and renal system. It can inhibit enzyme reactions, but does not affect thyroid function. It has been
suggested that inhaled or otherwise administered DMSO is metabolically reduced to the dimethyl
sulfide and subsequently respired. DMSO in rats lowered the body temperature and enhanced the
taurine excretion and the toxic effects of aromatic hydrocarbons. It was found to influence the
preservation of leukemia cells and proved to be a potent inducer of erythroid differentiation in cultured
erythroleukemic cells. DMSO has teratogenic potential as well as the ability to increase activity and
tumor-inducing effects of materials with carcinogenic potential.
Carbon disulfide (see Figure 16.37) is a highly flammable, highly toxic solvent that historically has
been used in production of carbon tetrachloride, as well as the manufacture of rayon, cellulose fibers,
rubber vulcanizers, and pesticides. Its previous use as a grain fumigant has been discontinued. Although
the pure substance is odorless, impurities may impart an objectionable sulfurous odor.
The principal toxicological effect at high air concentrations is narcosis, perhaps accompanied by
headache, visual disturbances, respiratory disturbances, and gastrointestinal effects. Ingestion of as
little as 15 mL may be fatal. Aside from the general neurological changes associated with acute
exposures, the greatest toxicological concern regarding carbon disulfide relates to the demonstrated
ability to induce peripheral polyneuropathy and psychoses in some chronically exposed individuals.
The latter effects reportedly resolve following exposure cessation, but the characteristic neuropathies
may persist. These include reflex decrements in the extremities, glove/stocking sensory loss, and
decreased nerve conduction velocity.
Figure 16.37 Carbon disulfide.
Figure 16.38 Thiazoles basic structure.