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scales differ noticeably in consisting of 3 closely spaced proteins centered around 12 kDa in the ß keratin region and a greater expression of proteins corresponding with the α keratin region. In all scales a faint and diffuse band appears at 24 kDa. An immunoblot of the same samples with the univ-ß antibody (Figure 4-4) confirmed that the 12 kDa bands in parietal and ventral scales correspond with ß keratins as do the faint 24 kDa bands. The antibody reacted only very weakly with the spectacle scale samples, which is assumed to be due to low affinity rather than the absence of ß keratins. 24 kDa > 12 kDa > S1 P1 V1 S2 P2 V2 S3 P3 V3 Figure 4-4. ß keratin immunoblot of spectacle (S), parietal (P) and ventral (V) scale proteins of coachwhip snakes. The numbers in the lane labels refer to three different snakes. The univ-ß antibody has a high affinity for the ß keratins of the parietal and ventral scales and a very low affinity for those of the spectacle scale. The antibody was further verified with corn snake spectacle, parietal and ventral scale samples. A coomassie stained gel is shown in Figure 4-5 (next page) with a corresponding immunoblot in Figure 4-6 (next page), demonstrating again the low affinity of the antibody for spectacle ß keratins. Of note in Figure 4-5 is the variation between spectacle scales of the two individuals (S1 vs S2). While both have a highly expressed ß keratin just larger than 12 kDa, the first individual, which was amelanistic (i.e. albino) exhibits a second ß keratin just under 17 kDa. This second ß keratin was also observed in a different and unrelated amelanistic individual, while the result from a different non- amelanistic corn snake was similar to S2 (data not shown). 89
24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa > S1 P1 V1 S2 P2 V2 S1 P1 V1 S2 P2 V2 Figure 4-5. SDS-PAGE of spectacle (S), parietal (P) and ventral (V) scale proteins of corn snakes. The numbers in the lane labels refer to two different snakes. Figure 4-6. ß keratin immunoblot of spectacle (S), parietal (P) and ventral (V) scale proteins of corn snakes. The numbers in the lane labels refer to two different snakes. The low affinity of the univ-ß antibody for corn snake spectacle ß keratins is evident. Because of the low reactivity of the univ-ß antibody for spectacle keratins, it was further evaluated with spectacle scales from several more species of different families, including the xenodontine hognose snake (Figure 4-7, next page)). This ensured that spectacle scales do indeed contain significant ß keratin as expected, but that spectacle keratins vary significantly in their reactivity with the antibody, and that colubrine (but not xenodontid) colubrid spectacle scales generally seem to lack the epitope to which the antibody is most specific. 90
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Investigations on the Reptilian Spe
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Abstract The eyes of snakes and mos
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Heritage Library, Smithsonian Libra
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2.2.1 Animals 36 2.2.2 Experimental
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List of Figures 1-1. The earliest a
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List of Tables 2-1. Durations of sp
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UV-A Ultraviolet A (315-400 nm) UV-
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“Il est de connaissance presque v
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1.1 Anatomy of the spectacle The si
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corneum, 2- an inner stratum corneu
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The two layers he described in the
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Figure 1-5. Illustration of the spe
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injected spectacles clearly shows t
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Figure 1-8. In vivo confocal micros
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1.1.3 The Spectacles of Geckos Most
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1.1.4 The Spectacles of Amphisbaeni
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Gymnophthalmus (spectacled tegus) a
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appreciates on observing the sadly
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hydration state (van Doorn, unpubl.
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1.5 Adaptive Significance of the Sp
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diurnally active in hot and dry hab
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of his argument hinges on the prese
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• In Chapter 3, findings on the v
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2.1 Introduction This introduction
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2.2 Methods & Materials The experim
Page 51 and 52: To allow for extended high-magnific
Page 53 and 54: At 30 minutes into the experiment,
Page 55 and 56: packages. All statistical analyses
Page 57 and 58: 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Spectacle blood f
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2-7. Graph of two representa
Page 61 and 62: 2.4 Discussion The purpose of this
Page 63 and 64: vascular changes were occurring onl
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 3, Spectral Transmission of
Page 67 and 68: like the cornea, may exhibit simila
Page 69 and 70: The scales of both the right and le
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3-1. Spectral transmittance
Page 73 and 74: % Transmittance % Transmission % Tr
Page 75 and 76: % % Transmittance Transmission % %
Page 77 and 78: λ 50% (nm) 420 400 380 360 340 320
Page 79 and 80: Thickness (!m) Figure 3-7. Plot of
Page 81 and 82: Family Spearmanʼs rho p Colubridae
Page 83 and 84: virtue of both being characteristic
Page 85 and 86: nocturnal (Brattstrom 1952; Klauber
Page 87 and 88: Another potential factor that may g
Page 89 and 90: Colubridae Colubrinae Elaphe taeniu
Page 91 and 92: Pythonidae Python sebae Rock Python
Page 93 and 94: 4.1 Introduction The reptilian spec
Page 95 and 96: thus be optimized to meet not only
Page 97 and 98: 4.2 Methods & Materials 4.2.1 Sampl
Page 99 and 100: for 15 minutes to remove all residu
Page 101: 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Keratins of Coach
Page 105 and 106: 76 kDa > 52 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa >
Page 107 and 108: 31 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa >
Page 109 and 110: 4.3.4 2D Electrophoretic Comparison
Page 111 and 112: kDa 76 - 52 - 38 - 31 - 24 - 17 - 1
Page 113 and 114: (2007a) have theorized that basic
Page 115 and 116: spectacle, this layer may be partic
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 5, Summary and Concluding R
Page 119 and 120: evaluations of the elastic modulus
Page 121 and 122: References Addison WHF, How HW. 192
Page 123 and 124: Berkley MA, Wakins DW. 1973. Gratin
Page 125 and 126: Chou BR, Hawryshyn CW. 1987. Spectr
Page 127 and 128: Fox RH, Edholm OG. 1963. Nervous co
Page 129 and 130: Hinkley JA, Savitsky AH, River G, G
Page 131 and 132: Lee P, Wang CC, Adamis AP. 1998. Oc
Page 133 and 134: Mautz WJ. 1982. Patterns of evapora
Page 135 and 136: Rice GE, Bradshaw SD. 1980. Changes
Page 137 and 138: Sillman AJ, Govardovskiĭ WI, Röhl
Page 139 and 140: Valentin G. 1879a. Ein Beitrag zur
Page 141 and 142: Appendix A One cycle of spectacle b
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