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Table of Contents Author’s Declaration ii Abstract iii Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents vi List of Figures ix List of Tables xi List of Abbreviations & Symbols xii Chapter 1, The Reptilian Spectacle: A Review 1 1.1 Anatomy of the spectacle 4 1.1.1 The Spectacles of Snakes 4 1.1.2 The Spectacles of Scolecophidian Snakes 15 1.1.3 The Spectacles of Geckos 16 1.1.4 The Spectacles of Amphisbaenids 18 1.1.5 The Spectacles And Windowed Eyelids of Other Squamates 19 1.2 Spectacle Development 20 1.3 Optics of the Spectacle 21 1.4 Physiology of the Spectacle 24 1.5 Adaptive Significance of the Spectacle and its Evolution 26 1.5.1 Mechanical Protection 26 1.5.2 Minimization of Evaporative Water Loss 27 1.5.3 Protection Against Solar Radiation 28 1.5.4 Evolution of the Spectacle 29 1.6 Conclusion 31 1.7 Organization of the following chapters 31 Chapter 2, Blood Flow in the Reptilian Spectacle 33 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Methods & Materials 36 vi
2.2.1 Animals 36 2.2.2 Experimental Equipment and Setup 36 2.2.3 Experimental Protocol 39 2.2.4 Data Analysis 41 2.2.5 Additional Observations 42 2.3 Results 44 2.3.1 Spectacle blood flow in undisturbed snakes 44 2.3.2 Effect of threat perception on spectacle flow 45 2.3.3 Additional Observations 47 2.3.4 Spectacle blood flow in geckos 47 2.4 Discussion 48 Chapter 3, Spectral Transmission of Snake and Gecko Spectacle Scales 52 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Methods & Materials 55 3.2.1 Shed skins 55 3.2.2 Spectrophotometry 55 3.2.3 Spectacle thickness measurements 56 3.2.4 Analytical methods 56 3.3 Results 57 3.3.1 Snake Spectacle Scale Transmittance 57 3.3.2 Gecko Spectacle Scale Transmittance 63 3.3.3 Statistical Analyses of λ50% 63 3.3.4 Spectacle Scale Thickness 65 3.3.5 Correlation of spectacle scale thickness and λ50% 67 3.4 Discussion 69 3.4.1 Differences Between Families in Spectacle Scale Transmittance Spectra 69 3.4.2 Functional Differences in Spectacle Scale Transmittance Spectra & Thickness 70 3.4.3 Activity Patterns & Ocular Morphology 71 3.4.4 On Gecko Spectacle Scales 73 vii
Page 1 and 2: Investigations on the Reptilian Spe
Page 3 and 4: Abstract The eyes of snakes and mos
Page 5: Heritage Library, Smithsonian Libra
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures 1-1. The earliest a
Page 11 and 12: List of Tables 2-1. Durations of sp
Page 13 and 14: UV-A Ultraviolet A (315-400 nm) UV-
Page 15 and 16: “Il est de connaissance presque v
Page 17 and 18: 1.1 Anatomy of the spectacle The si
Page 19 and 20: corneum, 2- an inner stratum corneu
Page 21 and 22: The two layers he described in the
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1-5. Illustration of the spe
Page 25 and 26: injected spectacles clearly shows t
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1-8. In vivo confocal micros
Page 29 and 30: 1.1.3 The Spectacles of Geckos Most
Page 31 and 32: 1.1.4 The Spectacles of Amphisbaeni
Page 33 and 34: Gymnophthalmus (spectacled tegus) a
Page 35 and 36: appreciates on observing the sadly
Page 37 and 38: hydration state (van Doorn, unpubl.
Page 39 and 40: 1.5 Adaptive Significance of the Sp
Page 41 and 42: diurnally active in hot and dry hab
Page 43 and 44: of his argument hinges on the prese
Page 45 and 46: • In Chapter 3, findings on the v
Page 47 and 48: 2.1 Introduction This introduction
Page 49 and 50: 2.2 Methods & Materials The experim
Page 51 and 52: To allow for extended high-magnific
Page 53 and 54: At 30 minutes into the experiment,
Page 55 and 56: packages. All statistical analyses
Page 57 and 58:
2.3 Results 2.3.1 Spectacle blood f
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 2-7. Graph of two representa
Page 61 and 62:
2.4 Discussion The purpose of this
Page 63 and 64:
vascular changes were occurring onl
Page 65 and 66:
Chapter 3, Spectral Transmission of
Page 67 and 68:
like the cornea, may exhibit simila
Page 69 and 70:
The scales of both the right and le
Page 71 and 72:
Figure 3-1. Spectral transmittance
Page 73 and 74:
% Transmittance % Transmission % Tr
Page 75 and 76:
% % Transmittance Transmission % %
Page 77 and 78:
λ 50% (nm) 420 400 380 360 340 320
Page 79 and 80:
Thickness (!m) Figure 3-7. Plot of
Page 81 and 82:
Family Spearmanʼs rho p Colubridae
Page 83 and 84:
virtue of both being characteristic
Page 85 and 86:
nocturnal (Brattstrom 1952; Klauber
Page 87 and 88:
Another potential factor that may g
Page 89 and 90:
Colubridae Colubrinae Elaphe taeniu
Page 91 and 92:
Pythonidae Python sebae Rock Python
Page 93 and 94:
4.1 Introduction The reptilian spec
Page 95 and 96:
thus be optimized to meet not only
Page 97 and 98:
4.2 Methods & Materials 4.2.1 Sampl
Page 99 and 100:
for 15 minutes to remove all residu
Page 101 and 102:
4.3 Results 4.3.1 Keratins of Coach
Page 103 and 104:
24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa > S1 P1 V1
Page 105 and 106:
76 kDa > 52 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa >
Page 107 and 108:
31 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa >
Page 109 and 110:
4.3.4 2D Electrophoretic Comparison
Page 111 and 112:
kDa 76 - 52 - 38 - 31 - 24 - 17 - 1
Page 113 and 114:
(2007a) have theorized that basic
Page 115 and 116:
spectacle, this layer may be partic
Page 117 and 118:
Chapter 5, Summary and Concluding R
Page 119 and 120:
evaluations of the elastic modulus
Page 121 and 122:
References Addison WHF, How HW. 192
Page 123 and 124:
Berkley MA, Wakins DW. 1973. Gratin
Page 125 and 126:
Chou BR, Hawryshyn CW. 1987. Spectr
Page 127 and 128:
Fox RH, Edholm OG. 1963. Nervous co
Page 129 and 130:
Hinkley JA, Savitsky AH, River G, G
Page 131 and 132:
Lee P, Wang CC, Adamis AP. 1998. Oc
Page 133 and 134:
Mautz WJ. 1982. Patterns of evapora
Page 135 and 136:
Rice GE, Bradshaw SD. 1980. Changes
Page 137 and 138:
Sillman AJ, Govardovskiĭ WI, Röhl
Page 139 and 140:
Valentin G. 1879a. Ein Beitrag zur
Page 141 and 142:
Appendix A One cycle of spectacle b
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