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% Transmission % Transmittance The spectacle scale transmittance spectra of hatchling and juvenile reticulated pythons (Python reticulatus) are plotted in Figure 3-3. Although not very dissimilar in profile from the older specimens, the hatchling shed does exhibit a slightly higher transmittance in the UV-A and an unusual “hump” at approximately 320 nm. While not likely of visual relevance to the animal, it may be indicative of the differences in its keratin composition (Chapter 4). 100 75 50 25 Figure 3-3. Spectacle scale transmittance spectra of Python reticulatus. Variations in transmittance spectra may show age- dependent Intraspecific variability. The first shed post-hatch shows an unusual “hump” in the transmittance curve that may be indicative of its different composition (discussed further in Chapter 4). Spectacle scale transmittance spectra of individual colubrid genera and species are plotted in Fig. 3-4 (next page). All species of Pituophis (Fig 3-4A) show similar transmittance profiles. Greater variation is apparent in the genus Elaphe (Fig 3-4B) with differences occurring within even the Elaphe obsoleta complex. Masticophis flagellum (Fig 3-4C), the coachwhip snake, typically exhibits a very sharp cutoff at around 350 nm, although in one specimen suffering from chronic anorexia the transmittance spectrum extends further into the UV-A, possibly suggesting that overall health can influence transmittance spectra. Variation is seen as well in the genus Lampropeltis (Fig 3-4D), in which Lampropeltis alterna, the grey-banded kingsnake, exhibited the lowest λ50% among the colubrids (min λ50% = 312 nm). Spectacle Scale Spectral Transmission - Reticulated Pythons Python reticulatus, first shed Python reticulatus, juvenile 0 200 300 400 500 600 700 Wavelength (nm) 61
% % Transmittance Transmission % % Transmittance Transmission 100 75 50 25 Pituophis catenifer Pituophis catenifer sayi Pituophis catenifer vertebralis Pituophis melanoleucus Pitophis melanoleucus lodingi Pitophis ruthveni 0 200 300 400 500 600 700 Wavelength (nm) 100 75 50 25 A. Pituophis B. Elaphe 0 200 300 400 500 600 700 Wavelength (nm) % Transmission % Transmission 100 75 50 25 Elaphe guttata Elaphe obsoleta Elaphe obsoleta lindheimeri Elaphe taeniura 0 200 300 400 500 600 700 Wavelength (nm) C. Masticophis D. Lampropeltis Masticophis flagellum flagellum 100 75 50 25 Lampropeltis alterna Lampropeltis mexicana thayeri Lampropeltis triangulum hondurensis 0 200 300 400 500 600 700 Wavelength (nm) Figure 3-4. Spectacle scale transmittance spectra of individual colubrid genera. Transmittance spectra have generally similar profiles varying mainly in lateral shifts in the cutoff. The UV-C window at 254 nm is insignificant in all but Elaphe guttata (B) and Lampropeltis (D). Samples of Masticophis flagellum (C) have consistently high transmittance and sharp cutoffs near 350 nm, but for one individual that suffered from chronic anorexia (green trace). 62
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Investigations on the Reptilian Spe
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Abstract The eyes of snakes and mos
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Heritage Library, Smithsonian Libra
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2.2.1 Animals 36 2.2.2 Experimental
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List of Figures 1-1. The earliest a
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List of Tables 2-1. Durations of sp
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UV-A Ultraviolet A (315-400 nm) UV-
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“Il est de connaissance presque v
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1.1 Anatomy of the spectacle The si
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corneum, 2- an inner stratum corneu
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The two layers he described in the
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1-5. Illustration of the spe
Page 25 and 26: injected spectacles clearly shows t
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1-8. In vivo confocal micros
Page 29 and 30: 1.1.3 The Spectacles of Geckos Most
Page 31 and 32: 1.1.4 The Spectacles of Amphisbaeni
Page 33 and 34: Gymnophthalmus (spectacled tegus) a
Page 35 and 36: appreciates on observing the sadly
Page 37 and 38: hydration state (van Doorn, unpubl.
Page 39 and 40: 1.5 Adaptive Significance of the Sp
Page 41 and 42: diurnally active in hot and dry hab
Page 43 and 44: of his argument hinges on the prese
Page 45 and 46: • In Chapter 3, findings on the v
Page 47 and 48: 2.1 Introduction This introduction
Page 49 and 50: 2.2 Methods & Materials The experim
Page 51 and 52: To allow for extended high-magnific
Page 53 and 54: At 30 minutes into the experiment,
Page 55 and 56: packages. All statistical analyses
Page 57 and 58: 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Spectacle blood f
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2-7. Graph of two representa
Page 61 and 62: 2.4 Discussion The purpose of this
Page 63 and 64: vascular changes were occurring onl
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 3, Spectral Transmission of
Page 67 and 68: like the cornea, may exhibit simila
Page 69 and 70: The scales of both the right and le
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3-1. Spectral transmittance
Page 73: % Transmittance % Transmission % Tr
Page 77 and 78: λ 50% (nm) 420 400 380 360 340 320
Page 79 and 80: Thickness (!m) Figure 3-7. Plot of
Page 81 and 82: Family Spearmanʼs rho p Colubridae
Page 83 and 84: virtue of both being characteristic
Page 85 and 86: nocturnal (Brattstrom 1952; Klauber
Page 87 and 88: Another potential factor that may g
Page 89 and 90: Colubridae Colubrinae Elaphe taeniu
Page 91 and 92: Pythonidae Python sebae Rock Python
Page 93 and 94: 4.1 Introduction The reptilian spec
Page 95 and 96: thus be optimized to meet not only
Page 97 and 98: 4.2 Methods & Materials 4.2.1 Sampl
Page 99 and 100: for 15 minutes to remove all residu
Page 101 and 102: 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Keratins of Coach
Page 103 and 104: 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa > S1 P1 V1
Page 105 and 106: 76 kDa > 52 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa >
Page 107 and 108: 31 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa >
Page 109 and 110: 4.3.4 2D Electrophoretic Comparison
Page 111 and 112: kDa 76 - 52 - 38 - 31 - 24 - 17 - 1
Page 113 and 114: (2007a) have theorized that basic
Page 115 and 116: spectacle, this layer may be partic
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 5, Summary and Concluding R
Page 119 and 120: evaluations of the elastic modulus
Page 121 and 122: References Addison WHF, How HW. 192
Page 123 and 124: Berkley MA, Wakins DW. 1973. Gratin
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Chou BR, Hawryshyn CW. 1987. Spectr
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Fox RH, Edholm OG. 1963. Nervous co
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Hinkley JA, Savitsky AH, River G, G
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Lee P, Wang CC, Adamis AP. 1998. Oc
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Mautz WJ. 1982. Patterns of evapora
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Rice GE, Bradshaw SD. 1980. Changes
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Sillman AJ, Govardovskiĭ WI, Röhl
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Valentin G. 1879a. Ein Beitrag zur
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Appendix A One cycle of spectacle b
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