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Although a step to better understanding the biology of the spectacle, the findings of these experiments may also have more immediate applicability. Keratin is a potentially useful biomaterial (Rouse and Van Dyke 2010; Sierpinski et al. 2008; Vincent 1990) and spectacle keratins in particular may be useful for applications that require optical transparency. Reichl et al. (2011) describe the synthesis of keratin films from human hair as a potential support and protective barrier in ocular surface reconstruction. Injured corneas and conjunctivas benefit from having a transparent protective barrier and structural support to allow a degree of vision while healing. Amniotic membranes for example have been used in ocular surface reconstruction (Fernandes et al. 2005), but as Reichl et al. (2011) point out, the spectral transmittance of amniotic membrane is poor, showing obvious scatter. Reichl et al.’s keratin films based on human hair extracts have improved transmission, although they still fall short of the transmittance of reptilian spectacles. Providing that biocompatibility of reptilian keratins can be assured, spectacle keratins may be a suitable and preferable alternative to human hair keratin for this usage. As with all research, the experiments described in this thesis answered some questions, left others unanswered, and provided serendipitous answers to questions unasked. Nearly 200 years since Cloquet’s (1821) seminal account of the “paupière des serpens,” the reptilian spectacle continues to intrigue, withholding secrets to be uncovered by future research. 107
References Addison WHF, How HW. 1921. The development of the eyelids of the albino rat, until the completion of disjunction. American Journal of Anatomy 29: 1-31. Alexander NJ, Parakkal PF. 1969. Formation of α- and ß-type keratin in lizard epidermis during the molting cycle. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung101: 72-87. Alibardi L. 2003. Adaptation to the land: the skin of reptiles in comparison to that of amphibians and endotherm amniotes. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 298B: 12-41. Alibardi L. 2005. Differentiation of snake epidermis, with emphasis on the shedding layer. Journal of Morphology 264: 178-190. Alibardi L, Maderson PFA. 2003. Observations on the histochemistry and ultrastructure of the epidermis of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus (Sphenodontida, Lepidosauria, Reptilia): a contribution to an understanding of the lepidosaurian epidermal generation and the evolutionary origin of the squamate shedding complex. Journal of Morphology 256: 111-133. Alibardi L, Sawyer RH. 2002. Immunocytochemical analysis of beta (ß) keratins in the epidermis of chelonians, lepidosaurians, and archosaurians. Journal of Experimental Zoology 293: 27-38. Alibardi L, Toni M. 2005a. Immunolocalization and characterization of cornification proteins in the snake epidermis. Anatomical Record Part A 282A: 138-146. Alibardi L, Toni M. 2005b. Distribution and characterization of proteins associated with cornification in the epidermis of gecko lizard. Tissue and Cell 37: 423-433. Alibardi L, Toni M. 2006. Immunological characterization and fine localization of a lizard beta- keratin. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Mol Dev Evol) 306B: 528-538. Alibardi L, Toni M, Dalla Valle L. 2007a. Hard cornification in reptilian epidermis in comparison to cornification in mammalian epidermis. Experimental Dermatology 16: 961-976. Alibardi L, Toni M, Dalla Valle L. 2007b. Expession of beta-keratin mRNAs and proline uptake in epidermal cells of growing scales and pad lamellae of gecko lizards. Journal of Anatomy 211: 104-116. 108
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Investigations on the Reptilian Spe
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Abstract The eyes of snakes and mos
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Heritage Library, Smithsonian Libra
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2.2.1 Animals 36 2.2.2 Experimental
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List of Figures 1-1. The earliest a
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List of Tables 2-1. Durations of sp
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UV-A Ultraviolet A (315-400 nm) UV-
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“Il est de connaissance presque v
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1.1 Anatomy of the spectacle The si
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corneum, 2- an inner stratum corneu
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The two layers he described in the
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Figure 1-5. Illustration of the spe
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injected spectacles clearly shows t
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Figure 1-8. In vivo confocal micros
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1.1.3 The Spectacles of Geckos Most
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1.1.4 The Spectacles of Amphisbaeni
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Gymnophthalmus (spectacled tegus) a
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appreciates on observing the sadly
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hydration state (van Doorn, unpubl.
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1.5 Adaptive Significance of the Sp
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diurnally active in hot and dry hab
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of his argument hinges on the prese
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• In Chapter 3, findings on the v
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2.1 Introduction This introduction
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2.2 Methods & Materials The experim
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To allow for extended high-magnific
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At 30 minutes into the experiment,
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packages. All statistical analyses
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2.3 Results 2.3.1 Spectacle blood f
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Figure 2-7. Graph of two representa
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2.4 Discussion The purpose of this
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vascular changes were occurring onl
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Chapter 3, Spectral Transmission of
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like the cornea, may exhibit simila
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Page 71 and 72: Figure 3-1. Spectral transmittance
Page 73 and 74: % Transmittance % Transmission % Tr
Page 75 and 76: % % Transmittance Transmission % %
Page 77 and 78: λ 50% (nm) 420 400 380 360 340 320
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Page 81 and 82: Family Spearmanʼs rho p Colubridae
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Page 87 and 88: Another potential factor that may g
Page 89 and 90: Colubridae Colubrinae Elaphe taeniu
Page 91 and 92: Pythonidae Python sebae Rock Python
Page 93 and 94: 4.1 Introduction The reptilian spec
Page 95 and 96: thus be optimized to meet not only
Page 97 and 98: 4.2 Methods & Materials 4.2.1 Sampl
Page 99 and 100: for 15 minutes to remove all residu
Page 101 and 102: 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Keratins of Coach
Page 103 and 104: 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa > S1 P1 V1
Page 105 and 106: 76 kDa > 52 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa >
Page 107 and 108: 31 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa >
Page 109 and 110: 4.3.4 2D Electrophoretic Comparison
Page 111 and 112: kDa 76 - 52 - 38 - 31 - 24 - 17 - 1
Page 113 and 114: (2007a) have theorized that basic
Page 115 and 116: spectacle, this layer may be partic
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 5, Summary and Concluding R
Page 119: evaluations of the elastic modulus
Page 123 and 124: Berkley MA, Wakins DW. 1973. Gratin
Page 125 and 126: Chou BR, Hawryshyn CW. 1987. Spectr
Page 127 and 128: Fox RH, Edholm OG. 1963. Nervous co
Page 129 and 130: Hinkley JA, Savitsky AH, River G, G
Page 131 and 132: Lee P, Wang CC, Adamis AP. 1998. Oc
Page 133 and 134: Mautz WJ. 1982. Patterns of evapora
Page 135 and 136: Rice GE, Bradshaw SD. 1980. Changes
Page 137 and 138: Sillman AJ, Govardovskiĭ WI, Röhl
Page 139 and 140: Valentin G. 1879a. Ein Beitrag zur
Page 141 and 142: Appendix A One cycle of spectacle b
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