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Chapter 2, Blood Flow in the Reptilian Spectacle This chapter describes investigations on the dynamics of blood flow in the reptilian spectacle both when animals are at rest and undisturbed and when they are presented with visual stimuli which are perceived to be threatening. This work was presented as posters at two international meetings: The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting 2008 (van Doorn & Sivak 2008a) and The Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (van Doorn & Sivak 2008b). 33
2.1 Introduction This introduction will summarize the relevant background information of spectacle anatomy and physiology described in Chapter 1 so as to provide a context for the research presented here such that this chapter can be read as a standalone account. The spectacle of snakes and geckos is a layer of transparent integument that overlays the eye, isolating it from the external environment. Arising from the fusion of embryonic tissues that would otherwise form eyelids (Schwartz-Karsten 1933; Neher 1935; Bellairs & Boyd 1947), the spectacle’s anatomy is homologous with that of the skin in having a stratum corneum (the spectacle scale), a complex epidermis and a dermis, but differs in possessing a subdermal conjunctival layer similar to that of eyelids (Ficalbi 1888b; Walls 1942). Unlike either the skin or most eyelids however, the spectacle is optically transparent, ideally suited to vision but for one characteristic that it shares with the rest of the integument: its vascularity (Figure 2-1). Figure 2-1. Photographs of the eye of a coachwhip snake, Masticophis flagellum, during the renewal phase of the integument (A) and with retro- and cross-illumination (B), showing the dorso- ventrally arrayed spectacle blood vessels. (photos by K. van Doorn)! A B The presence of blood vessels in the spectacle dermis was first demonstrated by Quekett (1852). The vascular supply to and anatomical layout of the snakes’ spectacle blood vessels was later 34
Page 1 and 2: Investigations on the Reptilian Spe
Page 3 and 4: Abstract The eyes of snakes and mos
Page 5 and 6: Heritage Library, Smithsonian Libra
Page 7 and 8: 2.2.1 Animals 36 2.2.2 Experimental
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures 1-1. The earliest a
Page 11 and 12: List of Tables 2-1. Durations of sp
Page 13 and 14: UV-A Ultraviolet A (315-400 nm) UV-
Page 15 and 16: “Il est de connaissance presque v
Page 17 and 18: 1.1 Anatomy of the spectacle The si
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Page 23 and 24: Figure 1-5. Illustration of the spe
Page 25 and 26: injected spectacles clearly shows t
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1-8. In vivo confocal micros
Page 29 and 30: 1.1.3 The Spectacles of Geckos Most
Page 31 and 32: 1.1.4 The Spectacles of Amphisbaeni
Page 33 and 34: Gymnophthalmus (spectacled tegus) a
Page 35 and 36: appreciates on observing the sadly
Page 37 and 38: hydration state (van Doorn, unpubl.
Page 39 and 40: 1.5 Adaptive Significance of the Sp
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Page 71 and 72: Figure 3-1. Spectral transmittance
Page 73 and 74: % Transmittance % Transmission % Tr
Page 75 and 76: % % Transmittance Transmission % %
Page 77 and 78: λ 50% (nm) 420 400 380 360 340 320
Page 79 and 80: Thickness (!m) Figure 3-7. Plot of
Page 81 and 82: Family Spearmanʼs rho p Colubridae
Page 83 and 84: virtue of both being characteristic
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Page 89 and 90: Colubridae Colubrinae Elaphe taeniu
Page 91 and 92: Pythonidae Python sebae Rock Python
Page 93 and 94: 4.1 Introduction The reptilian spec
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4.2 Methods & Materials 4.2.1 Sampl
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for 15 minutes to remove all residu
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4.3 Results 4.3.1 Keratins of Coach
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24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa > S1 P1 V1
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76 kDa > 52 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa >
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31 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa >
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4.3.4 2D Electrophoretic Comparison
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kDa 76 - 52 - 38 - 31 - 24 - 17 - 1
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(2007a) have theorized that basic
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spectacle, this layer may be partic
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Chapter 5, Summary and Concluding R
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evaluations of the elastic modulus
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References Addison WHF, How HW. 192
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Berkley MA, Wakins DW. 1973. Gratin
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Chou BR, Hawryshyn CW. 1987. Spectr
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Fox RH, Edholm OG. 1963. Nervous co
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Hinkley JA, Savitsky AH, River G, G
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Lee P, Wang CC, Adamis AP. 1998. Oc
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Mautz WJ. 1982. Patterns of evapora
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Rice GE, Bradshaw SD. 1980. Changes
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Sillman AJ, Govardovskiĭ WI, Röhl
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Valentin G. 1879a. Ein Beitrag zur
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Appendix A One cycle of spectacle b
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