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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Figure 4-7. ß keratin immunoblot of snake spectacle scale proteins. 1: Southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri, Viperidae); 2: boa constrictor (Boa constrictor, Boidae); 3: green anaconda (Eunectes murinus, Boidae); 4: Mexican west coast rattlesnake (Crotalus basiliscus, Viperidae); 5: western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox, Viperidae); 6: Louisiana pine snake (Pituophis ruthveni, Colubridae); 7: hognose snake (Heterodon platirhinos, Colubridae, subfamily Colubrinae). 4.3.2 Keratins of Gecko Spectacle, Labial and Head scales. Comparisons of the proteins of gecko scales are shown in Figure 4-8 (Gekko grossmanni, next page) and Figure 4-9 (Phelsuma madagascariensis grandis, next page). Gecko spectacle scales contain no ß keratin. G. grossmanni expresses two forms of α keratin in the range of 54-65 kDa and P. m. grandis expresses a single form of 55-60 kDa. The labial and head scales however are largely composed of ß keratin with a single tight α keratin band in P. m. grandis and no detectable α keratin in G. grossmanni. In both species, the diversity of ß keratins in these scales is greater than in the snake scales and their sizes are larger on average, clustering around 17-18 kDa and ranging from ~12-22 kDa. The univ-ß antibody reacted with most of the putative ß keratins, but also exhibited non-specific binding to the α keratin of P. m. grandis, a problem noted by previous authors with other anti-ß keratin antibodies (Alibardi & Toni 2005b). To determine if other proteins were present in quantities too small to detect with the standard methodology, a sample of P. m. grandis labial scale was overloaded in one gel and the image heavily processed (Figure 4-9C). This demonstrated the presence of several other proteins present in minute quantities, including two proteins slightly larger than 24 kDa, a diffuse band of 38 kDa, and two proteins between this and the single α keratin. The larger proteins of 38 to ~50 kDa may correspond with loricrin, filaggrin-like protein, sciellin and/or transglutaminase, all accessory cornification proteins shown by Alibardi & Toni (2005b) to occur in the gecko integument. 91
76 kDa > 52 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa > 76 kDa > 52 kDa > 38 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa > S L H S L H A A B S L S L H LOL L Figure 4-8. Spectacle (S), labial (L) and head (H) scale proteins of Gekko grossmanni. A: SDS- PAGE stained with coomassie; B: univ-ß immunoblot. Figure 4-9. Spectacle (S), labial (L) and head (H) scale proteins of Phelsuma madagascariensis grandis. A: SDS-PAGE stained with coomassie. B: univ-ß immunoblot. C: overloaded and image processed labial scale sample showing proteins expressed in low quantities. Having successfully identified as ß keratins the lower molecular weight proteins of snake and gecko scales, all subsequent electrophoretic separations were stained only with coomassie. 92 B C
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Investigations on the Reptilian Spe
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Abstract The eyes of snakes and mos
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Heritage Library, Smithsonian Libra
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2.2.1 Animals 36 2.2.2 Experimental
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List of Figures 1-1. The earliest a
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List of Tables 2-1. Durations of sp
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UV-A Ultraviolet A (315-400 nm) UV-
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“Il est de connaissance presque v
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1.1 Anatomy of the spectacle The si
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corneum, 2- an inner stratum corneu
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The two layers he described in the
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Figure 1-5. Illustration of the spe
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injected spectacles clearly shows t
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Figure 1-8. In vivo confocal micros
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1.1.3 The Spectacles of Geckos Most
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1.1.4 The Spectacles of Amphisbaeni
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Gymnophthalmus (spectacled tegus) a
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appreciates on observing the sadly
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hydration state (van Doorn, unpubl.
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1.5 Adaptive Significance of the Sp
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diurnally active in hot and dry hab
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of his argument hinges on the prese
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• In Chapter 3, findings on the v
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2.1 Introduction This introduction
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2.2 Methods & Materials The experim
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To allow for extended high-magnific
Page 53 and 54: At 30 minutes into the experiment,
Page 55 and 56: packages. All statistical analyses
Page 57 and 58: 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Spectacle blood f
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2-7. Graph of two representa
Page 61 and 62: 2.4 Discussion The purpose of this
Page 63 and 64: vascular changes were occurring onl
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 3, Spectral Transmission of
Page 67 and 68: like the cornea, may exhibit simila
Page 69 and 70: The scales of both the right and le
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3-1. Spectral transmittance
Page 73 and 74: % Transmittance % Transmission % Tr
Page 75 and 76: % % Transmittance Transmission % %
Page 77 and 78: λ 50% (nm) 420 400 380 360 340 320
Page 79 and 80: Thickness (!m) Figure 3-7. Plot of
Page 81 and 82: Family Spearmanʼs rho p Colubridae
Page 83 and 84: virtue of both being characteristic
Page 85 and 86: nocturnal (Brattstrom 1952; Klauber
Page 87 and 88: Another potential factor that may g
Page 89 and 90: Colubridae Colubrinae Elaphe taeniu
Page 91 and 92: Pythonidae Python sebae Rock Python
Page 93 and 94: 4.1 Introduction The reptilian spec
Page 95 and 96: thus be optimized to meet not only
Page 97 and 98: 4.2 Methods & Materials 4.2.1 Sampl
Page 99 and 100: for 15 minutes to remove all residu
Page 101 and 102: 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Keratins of Coach
Page 103: 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa > S1 P1 V1
Page 107 and 108: 31 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa >
Page 109 and 110: 4.3.4 2D Electrophoretic Comparison
Page 111 and 112: kDa 76 - 52 - 38 - 31 - 24 - 17 - 1
Page 113 and 114: (2007a) have theorized that basic
Page 115 and 116: spectacle, this layer may be partic
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 5, Summary and Concluding R
Page 119 and 120: evaluations of the elastic modulus
Page 121 and 122: References Addison WHF, How HW. 192
Page 123 and 124: Berkley MA, Wakins DW. 1973. Gratin
Page 125 and 126: Chou BR, Hawryshyn CW. 1987. Spectr
Page 127 and 128: Fox RH, Edholm OG. 1963. Nervous co
Page 129 and 130: Hinkley JA, Savitsky AH, River G, G
Page 131 and 132: Lee P, Wang CC, Adamis AP. 1998. Oc
Page 133 and 134: Mautz WJ. 1982. Patterns of evapora
Page 135 and 136: Rice GE, Bradshaw SD. 1980. Changes
Page 137 and 138: Sillman AJ, Govardovskiĭ WI, Röhl
Page 139 and 140: Valentin G. 1879a. Ein Beitrag zur
Page 141 and 142: Appendix A One cycle of spectacle b
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