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31 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa > 1 2 3 4 31 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa > Figure 4-13. Spectacle scale proteins of crotaline vipers. 1: Western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) 2: Mexican west coast rattlesnake (Crotalus basiliscus); 3: Southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri); 4: Southwestern speckled rattlesnake (Crotalus mitchellii pyrrhus). Like the elapids, viperids show several distinct ß keratin bands between 12 and 17 kDa. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Colubrinae Xenodontinae Figure 4-14. Spectacle scale proteins of colubrids. 1: Louisiana pine snake (Pituophis ruthveni); 2: northern pine snake (Pituophis melanoleucus); 3: black rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta); 4: Texas rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta lindheimeri); 5: tiger rat snake (Spilotes pullatus); 6: transpecos rat snake (Bogertophis subocularis); 7: hognose snake (Heterodon platirhinos, Xenodontinae). 95
4.3.4 2D Electrophoretic Comparison of Coachwhip Snake Spectacle and Parietal Scale Proteins To determine the extent to which keratin isoforms of differing pI’s contribute to the composition of the spectacle scale versus other scales, 2-dimensional electrophoresis was performed on coachwhip spectacle and parietal scale samples. The ß keratins of the spectacle scale (Figure 4-15, next page) are most dense at 12 kDa in the range of pH 4-5, but several isoforms are present up to pH 7.5. In contrast, the ß keratins of the parietal scale (Figure 4-16, page 97) are more heavily aggregated around 12 kDa and pH 4-5, although a few very low concentration ß keratins are visible at pH ~5.3 and 6.5. The diffuse 24 kDa ß keratin band visible in the 1-D SDS-PAGE and immunoblots appears here as an aggregation between 24-31 kDa at pH 4.5. Paralleling the 1-D SDS-PAGE results, the spectacle scale shows fewer α keratins though the sizes and pH ranges are comparable with those of the parietal scale. They range from 40-64 kDa in the acidic to neutral region. An 8.5 kDa protein of neutral pH is present in both scales. In all gels, one or more
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Investigations on the Reptilian Spe
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Abstract The eyes of snakes and mos
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Heritage Library, Smithsonian Libra
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2.2.1 Animals 36 2.2.2 Experimental
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List of Figures 1-1. The earliest a
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List of Tables 2-1. Durations of sp
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UV-A Ultraviolet A (315-400 nm) UV-
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“Il est de connaissance presque v
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1.1 Anatomy of the spectacle The si
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corneum, 2- an inner stratum corneu
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The two layers he described in the
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Figure 1-5. Illustration of the spe
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injected spectacles clearly shows t
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Figure 1-8. In vivo confocal micros
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1.1.3 The Spectacles of Geckos Most
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1.1.4 The Spectacles of Amphisbaeni
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Gymnophthalmus (spectacled tegus) a
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appreciates on observing the sadly
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hydration state (van Doorn, unpubl.
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1.5 Adaptive Significance of the Sp
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diurnally active in hot and dry hab
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of his argument hinges on the prese
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• In Chapter 3, findings on the v
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2.1 Introduction This introduction
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2.2 Methods & Materials The experim
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To allow for extended high-magnific
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At 30 minutes into the experiment,
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packages. All statistical analyses
Page 57 and 58: 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Spectacle blood f
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2-7. Graph of two representa
Page 61 and 62: 2.4 Discussion The purpose of this
Page 63 and 64: vascular changes were occurring onl
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 3, Spectral Transmission of
Page 67 and 68: like the cornea, may exhibit simila
Page 69 and 70: The scales of both the right and le
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3-1. Spectral transmittance
Page 73 and 74: % Transmittance % Transmission % Tr
Page 75 and 76: % % Transmittance Transmission % %
Page 77 and 78: λ 50% (nm) 420 400 380 360 340 320
Page 79 and 80: Thickness (!m) Figure 3-7. Plot of
Page 81 and 82: Family Spearmanʼs rho p Colubridae
Page 83 and 84: virtue of both being characteristic
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Page 87 and 88: Another potential factor that may g
Page 89 and 90: Colubridae Colubrinae Elaphe taeniu
Page 91 and 92: Pythonidae Python sebae Rock Python
Page 93 and 94: 4.1 Introduction The reptilian spec
Page 95 and 96: thus be optimized to meet not only
Page 97 and 98: 4.2 Methods & Materials 4.2.1 Sampl
Page 99 and 100: for 15 minutes to remove all residu
Page 101 and 102: 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Keratins of Coach
Page 103 and 104: 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa > S1 P1 V1
Page 105 and 106: 76 kDa > 52 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa >
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Page 111 and 112: kDa 76 - 52 - 38 - 31 - 24 - 17 - 1
Page 113 and 114: (2007a) have theorized that basic
Page 115 and 116: spectacle, this layer may be partic
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 5, Summary and Concluding R
Page 119 and 120: evaluations of the elastic modulus
Page 121 and 122: References Addison WHF, How HW. 192
Page 123 and 124: Berkley MA, Wakins DW. 1973. Gratin
Page 125 and 126: Chou BR, Hawryshyn CW. 1987. Spectr
Page 127 and 128: Fox RH, Edholm OG. 1963. Nervous co
Page 129 and 130: Hinkley JA, Savitsky AH, River G, G
Page 131 and 132: Lee P, Wang CC, Adamis AP. 1998. Oc
Page 133 and 134: Mautz WJ. 1982. Patterns of evapora
Page 135 and 136: Rice GE, Bradshaw SD. 1980. Changes
Page 137 and 138: Sillman AJ, Govardovskiĭ WI, Röhl
Page 139 and 140: Valentin G. 1879a. Ein Beitrag zur
Page 141 and 142: Appendix A One cycle of spectacle b
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