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specialized mechanoreceptor tubercles on colubrid spectacles, in contrast with scales elsewhere on their head. Of course this demonstrates nothing about what receptor types spectacles do possess, with the possible exception of the leptotyphlopid. It is likely that the spectacle innervation is at least partly sensory in function, given that nerve endings extend to the epidermis, but autonomic innervation to the spectacle vasculature may also be present as it is with all cutaneous vasculature (Baker et al. 1972; Rowell 1977), particularly in light of the spectacle vascular dynamics presented in Chapter 2. Figure1-7. Early illustration of the spectacle nerves of the colubrid snake Natrix tessellata. The nerves are seen penetrating radially into the spectacle from all around the circumference with complex anastomoses occurring in the branches. From Crevatin 1904. An interesting aside about the spectacle nerves is that, as Crevatin (1904) observed and remarked upon with enthusiasm, their layout is similar to that of corneal nerves in other species. Human corneal nerves, for example, penetrate into the corneal stroma from around the corneolimbal circumference with only the exception of the dorsalmost and ventralmost areas. Within the stroma, they extend fine nerve endings toward the epithelium (Müller et al. 1997). Morphologically, the individual neurons of the spectacle are similar as well to those of human corneal nerves as observed with in vivo confocal microscopy (Figure 1-8, next page) where mitochondrial aggregations in the form of beads can be observed along the axons. 13
Figure 1-8. In vivo confocal microscopy image of a spectacle nerve of a coachwhip snake (Masticophis flagellum). The thin lines that extend more or less vertically are neurons. Aggregations of mitochondria can be seen as subtle “beads” along their length (indicated by white arrows). The faint elliptical spots correspond to fibrocytes in the dermis, while the brighter and longer spots have yet to be identified, but are observed primarily in the outer dermis (van Doorn, unpubl. obs.). The two dark bands running horizontally through the image are artifactual. The scale represents 50 µm. (unpublished photo by van Doorn, Maram, and Schneider) 14
Page 1 and 2: Investigations on the Reptilian Spe
Page 3 and 4: Abstract The eyes of snakes and mos
Page 5 and 6: Heritage Library, Smithsonian Libra
Page 7 and 8: 2.2.1 Animals 36 2.2.2 Experimental
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures 1-1. The earliest a
Page 11 and 12: List of Tables 2-1. Durations of sp
Page 13 and 14: UV-A Ultraviolet A (315-400 nm) UV-
Page 15 and 16: “Il est de connaissance presque v
Page 17 and 18: 1.1 Anatomy of the spectacle The si
Page 19 and 20: corneum, 2- an inner stratum corneu
Page 21 and 22: The two layers he described in the
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1-5. Illustration of the spe
Page 25: injected spectacles clearly shows t
Page 29 and 30: 1.1.3 The Spectacles of Geckos Most
Page 31 and 32: 1.1.4 The Spectacles of Amphisbaeni
Page 33 and 34: Gymnophthalmus (spectacled tegus) a
Page 35 and 36: appreciates on observing the sadly
Page 37 and 38: hydration state (van Doorn, unpubl.
Page 39 and 40: 1.5 Adaptive Significance of the Sp
Page 41 and 42: diurnally active in hot and dry hab
Page 43 and 44: of his argument hinges on the prese
Page 45 and 46: • In Chapter 3, findings on the v
Page 47 and 48: 2.1 Introduction This introduction
Page 49 and 50: 2.2 Methods & Materials The experim
Page 51 and 52: To allow for extended high-magnific
Page 53 and 54: At 30 minutes into the experiment,
Page 55 and 56: packages. All statistical analyses
Page 57 and 58: 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Spectacle blood f
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2-7. Graph of two representa
Page 61 and 62: 2.4 Discussion The purpose of this
Page 63 and 64: vascular changes were occurring onl
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 3, Spectral Transmission of
Page 67 and 68: like the cornea, may exhibit simila
Page 69 and 70: The scales of both the right and le
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3-1. Spectral transmittance
Page 73 and 74: % Transmittance % Transmission % Tr
Page 75 and 76: % % Transmittance Transmission % %
Page 77 and 78:
λ 50% (nm) 420 400 380 360 340 320
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Thickness (!m) Figure 3-7. Plot of
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Family Spearmanʼs rho p Colubridae
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virtue of both being characteristic
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nocturnal (Brattstrom 1952; Klauber
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Another potential factor that may g
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Colubridae Colubrinae Elaphe taeniu
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Pythonidae Python sebae Rock Python
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4.1 Introduction The reptilian spec
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thus be optimized to meet not only
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4.2 Methods & Materials 4.2.1 Sampl
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for 15 minutes to remove all residu
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4.3 Results 4.3.1 Keratins of Coach
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24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa > S1 P1 V1
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76 kDa > 52 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa >
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31 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa >
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4.3.4 2D Electrophoretic Comparison
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kDa 76 - 52 - 38 - 31 - 24 - 17 - 1
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(2007a) have theorized that basic
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spectacle, this layer may be partic
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Chapter 5, Summary and Concluding R
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evaluations of the elastic modulus
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References Addison WHF, How HW. 192
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Berkley MA, Wakins DW. 1973. Gratin
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Chou BR, Hawryshyn CW. 1987. Spectr
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Fox RH, Edholm OG. 1963. Nervous co
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Hinkley JA, Savitsky AH, River G, G
Page 131 and 132:
Lee P, Wang CC, Adamis AP. 1998. Oc
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Mautz WJ. 1982. Patterns of evapora
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Rice GE, Bradshaw SD. 1980. Changes
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Sillman AJ, Govardovskiĭ WI, Röhl
Page 139 and 140:
Valentin G. 1879a. Ein Beitrag zur
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Appendix A One cycle of spectacle b
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