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The spectral transmittance curves of individual families are plotted in Figure 3-2 (next page). The spectacle scales of boas (Fig 3-2A) of the subfamily Boinae generally have high transmittance throughout the visible and UV-A spectra, with mean λ50% of 319 nm. An exception is the green anaconda with a significant reduction in transmittance beginning around 400 nm resulting in a λ50% of 361 nm. The one sample of an erycine boa, the rubber boa, exhibits a spectacle transmittance curve with a gradual tapering beginning at greater wavelengths and a λ50% of 351 nm. A peak at 254 nm in the UV-C is apparent. Spectacle transmittance of the Pythonidae (Fig 3-2B) is similar to that of Boinae in that transmittance remains high through the visible and UV-A spectra until cutting off abruptly in the far UV-A (mean λ50% = 318 nm) and exhibit the same peak in the UV-C. The burmese python spectacle does exhibit a gradual decrease in transmittance from 400 nm, but not to the same degree as in the green anaconda. The spectacle scale transmittance of Viperidae (Fig 3-2C) is similar in most respects to Pythonidae and Boinae. Elapids (Fig 3-2D), in contrast, exhibit cutoffs at higher wavelengths (mean λ50% = 367 nm). Among the elapids, the snouted cobra has a particularly unusual spectacle transmittance profile with a gradual reduction in transmittance apparent even above 500 nm. Its spectacle scale is in fact yellowish in appearance. No appreciable transmittance occurs in the UV-C range. The greatest intrafamilial diversity (perhaps on account of the greater number of samples) is found within the colubrids (Fig 3-2E), in which λ50% varies from 312 to 406 nm, some species with a transmittance peak in the UV-C, others without. While the spectacle scales of most species transmit highly through the visual and UV-A spectra with relatively sharp cutoffs, those of Heterodon platirhinos, the only sample of subfamily Xenodontinae (all others being of Colubrinae), attenuates UV and even the shorter wavelengths of the visible spectrum. Among the Colubrinae, the spectacles of most species present similar profiles but with shifted cutoff wavelengths. For example, those of Lampropeltis cutoff further in the UV-A near 310 nm, whereas Masticophis flagellum, the various species of Pituophis and several other genera have λ50% closer to 350 nm. 59
% Transmittance % Transmission % Transmittance % Transmission 100 75 50 25 Spectacle Scale Spectral Transmission - Boidae A. Boidae B. Pythonidae Boa Boa constrictor contrictor Boa dumerili Charina bottae Corallus hortulanus Epicrates inornatus Eunectes murinus 0 200 300 400 500 600 700 Wavelength (nm) 100 75 50 25 Spectacle Scale Spectral Transmission - Viperidae Agkistrodon bilineatus Bitis gabonica Bothrops neuwiedi Crotalus atrox Crotalus basiliscus Crotalus durissus vegrandis Crotalus mitchellii pyrrhus Crotalus oreganus helleri Crotalus scutulatus Trimesurus erythrurus 0 200 300 400 500 600 700 Wavelength (nm) % Transmission % Transmission 100 75 50 25 Spectacle Scale Spectral Transmission - Pythonidae Morelia amethystina Morelia spilota Morelia viridis Python mollurus bivittatus Python regius Python reticulatus Python sebae 0 200 300 400 500 600 700 Wavelength (nm) 100 75 50 25 Spectacle Scale Spectral Transmission - Elapidae C. Viperidae D. Elapidae Figure 3-2. Spectacle scale transmittance spectra of individual families. Transmittance profiles are generally similar in appearance with main differences being the lateral shift in the cutoff and the presence or absence of a peak at 254 nm. Unusual specimens in the Boidae (A) are Eunectes murinus (green anaconda) and Charina bottae (rubber boa) that show greater attenuation of short wavelengths compared with other boids. Pythonids (B) and viperids (C) all are generally similar. Among elapids (D), Naja annulifera (snouted cobra) stands Naja annulifera Dendroaspis polylepis Naja pallida 0 200 300 400 500 600 700 Wavelength (nm) out in having the lowest UV transmittance of any species with significant attenuation of even visible wavelengths. Of the colubrids (E), the genus Lampropeltis has the lowest spectacle scale λ50% and the xenodontine Heterodon platirhinos the highest with greater UV blockage. % Transmittance % Transmission 100 60 75 50 25 E. Colubridae Spectacle Scale Spectral Transmission - Colubridae Lampropeltis Masticophis Pituophis Heterodon (Xenodontinae) Others (Elaphe, Masticophis, Bogertophis, Spilotes, Drymarchon, Thamnophis) 0 200 300 400 500 600 700 Wavelength (nm)
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Investigations on the Reptilian Spe
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Abstract The eyes of snakes and mos
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Heritage Library, Smithsonian Libra
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2.2.1 Animals 36 2.2.2 Experimental
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List of Figures 1-1. The earliest a
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List of Tables 2-1. Durations of sp
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UV-A Ultraviolet A (315-400 nm) UV-
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“Il est de connaissance presque v
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1.1 Anatomy of the spectacle The si
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corneum, 2- an inner stratum corneu
Page 21 and 22: The two layers he described in the
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1-5. Illustration of the spe
Page 25 and 26: injected spectacles clearly shows t
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1-8. In vivo confocal micros
Page 29 and 30: 1.1.3 The Spectacles of Geckos Most
Page 31 and 32: 1.1.4 The Spectacles of Amphisbaeni
Page 33 and 34: Gymnophthalmus (spectacled tegus) a
Page 35 and 36: appreciates on observing the sadly
Page 37 and 38: hydration state (van Doorn, unpubl.
Page 39 and 40: 1.5 Adaptive Significance of the Sp
Page 41 and 42: diurnally active in hot and dry hab
Page 43 and 44: of his argument hinges on the prese
Page 45 and 46: • In Chapter 3, findings on the v
Page 47 and 48: 2.1 Introduction This introduction
Page 49 and 50: 2.2 Methods & Materials The experim
Page 51 and 52: To allow for extended high-magnific
Page 53 and 54: At 30 minutes into the experiment,
Page 55 and 56: packages. All statistical analyses
Page 57 and 58: 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Spectacle blood f
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2-7. Graph of two representa
Page 61 and 62: 2.4 Discussion The purpose of this
Page 63 and 64: vascular changes were occurring onl
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 3, Spectral Transmission of
Page 67 and 68: like the cornea, may exhibit simila
Page 69 and 70: The scales of both the right and le
Page 71: Figure 3-1. Spectral transmittance
Page 75 and 76: % % Transmittance Transmission % %
Page 77 and 78: λ 50% (nm) 420 400 380 360 340 320
Page 79 and 80: Thickness (!m) Figure 3-7. Plot of
Page 81 and 82: Family Spearmanʼs rho p Colubridae
Page 83 and 84: virtue of both being characteristic
Page 85 and 86: nocturnal (Brattstrom 1952; Klauber
Page 87 and 88: Another potential factor that may g
Page 89 and 90: Colubridae Colubrinae Elaphe taeniu
Page 91 and 92: Pythonidae Python sebae Rock Python
Page 93 and 94: 4.1 Introduction The reptilian spec
Page 95 and 96: thus be optimized to meet not only
Page 97 and 98: 4.2 Methods & Materials 4.2.1 Sampl
Page 99 and 100: for 15 minutes to remove all residu
Page 101 and 102: 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Keratins of Coach
Page 103 and 104: 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa > S1 P1 V1
Page 105 and 106: 76 kDa > 52 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa >
Page 107 and 108: 31 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa >
Page 109 and 110: 4.3.4 2D Electrophoretic Comparison
Page 111 and 112: kDa 76 - 52 - 38 - 31 - 24 - 17 - 1
Page 113 and 114: (2007a) have theorized that basic
Page 115 and 116: spectacle, this layer may be partic
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 5, Summary and Concluding R
Page 119 and 120: evaluations of the elastic modulus
Page 121 and 122: References Addison WHF, How HW. 192
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Berkley MA, Wakins DW. 1973. Gratin
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Chou BR, Hawryshyn CW. 1987. Spectr
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Fox RH, Edholm OG. 1963. Nervous co
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Hinkley JA, Savitsky AH, River G, G
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Lee P, Wang CC, Adamis AP. 1998. Oc
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Mautz WJ. 1982. Patterns of evapora
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Rice GE, Bradshaw SD. 1980. Changes
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Sillman AJ, Govardovskiĭ WI, Röhl
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Valentin G. 1879a. Ein Beitrag zur
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Appendix A One cycle of spectacle b
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