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1.6 Conclusion As the reader can ascertain from this review, it is clear that although the reptilian spectacle has intrigued researchers for over two centuries, many questions about it remain captivatingly unanswered. What are the visual implications of its vasculature and of abrasions on its surface? How does the spectacle achieve transparency and what compositional characteristics allow for a transparent spectacle scale? What makes the snake spectacle scale more resilient than that of a gecko? What sensory information is obtained from the spectacle innervation? What selective pressures are responsible for the evolution of a spectacle or ensure the continued presence of spectacles in any species? What factors in developmental genetics strongly decrease the likelihood of reversion to a lidded form as is thought to have occurred in Eublepharidae? The research presented in the next three chapters will provide some answers to questions of the physiology of the spectacle vasculature, the spectacle scale’s spectral transmittance, and the spectacle scale’s biochemical composition. Of course, the answers will in turn raise many more questions to be addressed by future research. 1.7 Organization of the following chapters The next three chapters present original research that is organized chronologically in the order in which the experiments were conducted. The investigations cover three main characteristics of the spectacle and its corneous scale: the physiology of its vasculature, the optical characteristics of the scale, and the biochemical composition of the scale as follows: • Chapter 2 describes investigations on the blood flow patterns in reptilian spectacles, effectively adding the 4th dimension to the already well-described 3-dimensional anatomical structure of the spectacle blood vessels. 31
• In Chapter 3, findings on the varied spectral transmittance and thicknesses of spectacle scales will be presented, with comparisons within and between families and subfamilies. • Chapter 4, the third and final experimental chapter, describes biochemical analyses of the spectacle scales, inspired in part by the findings of Chapter 3. As a result, and despite the chronological ordering of the chapters, these two chapters will cross-reference each other. An attempt was nevertheless made to organize the text in such a fashion that the thesis can be read through without flipping between sections. • The fifth and final chapter will be a discussion of where this work has brought the state of knowledge on reptilian spectacles and offers suggestions of further avenues of research that are likely to provide valuable results. 32
Page 1 and 2: Investigations on the Reptilian Spe
Page 3 and 4: Abstract The eyes of snakes and mos
Page 5 and 6: Heritage Library, Smithsonian Libra
Page 7 and 8: 2.2.1 Animals 36 2.2.2 Experimental
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures 1-1. The earliest a
Page 11 and 12: List of Tables 2-1. Durations of sp
Page 13 and 14: UV-A Ultraviolet A (315-400 nm) UV-
Page 15 and 16: “Il est de connaissance presque v
Page 17 and 18: 1.1 Anatomy of the spectacle The si
Page 19 and 20: corneum, 2- an inner stratum corneu
Page 21 and 22: The two layers he described in the
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1-5. Illustration of the spe
Page 25 and 26: injected spectacles clearly shows t
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1-8. In vivo confocal micros
Page 29 and 30: 1.1.3 The Spectacles of Geckos Most
Page 31 and 32: 1.1.4 The Spectacles of Amphisbaeni
Page 33 and 34: Gymnophthalmus (spectacled tegus) a
Page 35 and 36: appreciates on observing the sadly
Page 37 and 38: hydration state (van Doorn, unpubl.
Page 39 and 40: 1.5 Adaptive Significance of the Sp
Page 41 and 42: diurnally active in hot and dry hab
Page 43: of his argument hinges on the prese
Page 47 and 48: 2.1 Introduction This introduction
Page 49 and 50: 2.2 Methods & Materials The experim
Page 51 and 52: To allow for extended high-magnific
Page 53 and 54: At 30 minutes into the experiment,
Page 55 and 56: packages. All statistical analyses
Page 57 and 58: 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Spectacle blood f
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2-7. Graph of two representa
Page 61 and 62: 2.4 Discussion The purpose of this
Page 63 and 64: vascular changes were occurring onl
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 3, Spectral Transmission of
Page 67 and 68: like the cornea, may exhibit simila
Page 69 and 70: The scales of both the right and le
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3-1. Spectral transmittance
Page 73 and 74: % Transmittance % Transmission % Tr
Page 75 and 76: % % Transmittance Transmission % %
Page 77 and 78: λ 50% (nm) 420 400 380 360 340 320
Page 79 and 80: Thickness (!m) Figure 3-7. Plot of
Page 81 and 82: Family Spearmanʼs rho p Colubridae
Page 83 and 84: virtue of both being characteristic
Page 85 and 86: nocturnal (Brattstrom 1952; Klauber
Page 87 and 88: Another potential factor that may g
Page 89 and 90: Colubridae Colubrinae Elaphe taeniu
Page 91 and 92: Pythonidae Python sebae Rock Python
Page 93 and 94: 4.1 Introduction The reptilian spec
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thus be optimized to meet not only
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4.2 Methods & Materials 4.2.1 Sampl
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for 15 minutes to remove all residu
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4.3 Results 4.3.1 Keratins of Coach
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24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa > S1 P1 V1
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76 kDa > 52 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa >
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31 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa >
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4.3.4 2D Electrophoretic Comparison
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kDa 76 - 52 - 38 - 31 - 24 - 17 - 1
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(2007a) have theorized that basic
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spectacle, this layer may be partic
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Chapter 5, Summary and Concluding R
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evaluations of the elastic modulus
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References Addison WHF, How HW. 192
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Berkley MA, Wakins DW. 1973. Gratin
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Chou BR, Hawryshyn CW. 1987. Spectr
Page 127 and 128:
Fox RH, Edholm OG. 1963. Nervous co
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Hinkley JA, Savitsky AH, River G, G
Page 131 and 132:
Lee P, Wang CC, Adamis AP. 1998. Oc
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Mautz WJ. 1982. Patterns of evapora
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Rice GE, Bradshaw SD. 1980. Changes
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Sillman AJ, Govardovskiĭ WI, Röhl
Page 139 and 140:
Valentin G. 1879a. Ein Beitrag zur
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Appendix A One cycle of spectacle b
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