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Walls GL. 1934. The significance of the reptilian “spectacle”. American Journal of Ophthalmology 17: 1045-1047. Walls GL. 1940. Ophthalmological implications for the early history of the snakes. Copeia 1940: 1-8. Walls GL. 1942. The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation. Hafner Publishing Company, New York, New York. 785 p. Walls GL, Judd HD. 1933. The intra-ocular colour-filters of vertebrates. British Journal of Ophthalmology 17(11): 641-675. Williams EE, Hecht MK. 1955. “Sunglasses” in two anoline lizards from Cuba. Science 122: 691-692. Williams DL, Whitaker BR. 1994. The amphibian eye - a clinical review. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 25(1): 18-28. Wu J, Seregard S, Algvere PV. 2006. Photochemical damage of the retina. Survey of Ophthalmology 51(5): 461-481. Yang CGY. 2010. Rod-like properties of small single cones: transmutated photoreceptors of garter snakes (Thamnophis proximus). MSc Thesis, University of Toronto, Canada. 83 p. Zaher H, Rieppel O. 2000. A brief history of snakes. Herpetological Review 31: 73-76. 127
Appendix A One cycle of spectacle blood flow in the resting coachwhip This appendix is a video file of one cycle of blood flow in a coachwhip snake’s spectacle vasculature. The file name of this video file is “Appendix_A_-_spectacle_flow_at_rest.mov”. The false colour cast is due to the near-infrared capture. The video begins with spectacle vessels constricted and therefore invisible. The dark lines and spots across the image are scratches and abrasions in the spectacle scale. At 11 seconds into the clip, blood flow begins in a ventral to dorsal direction. It ceases again just before the end of the clip. If you accessed this thesis from a source other than the University of Waterloo, you may not have access to this file. You may access it by searching for this thesis at http://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca . 128
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Investigations on the Reptilian Spe
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Abstract The eyes of snakes and mos
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Heritage Library, Smithsonian Libra
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2.2.1 Animals 36 2.2.2 Experimental
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List of Figures 1-1. The earliest a
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List of Tables 2-1. Durations of sp
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UV-A Ultraviolet A (315-400 nm) UV-
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“Il est de connaissance presque v
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1.1 Anatomy of the spectacle The si
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corneum, 2- an inner stratum corneu
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The two layers he described in the
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Figure 1-5. Illustration of the spe
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injected spectacles clearly shows t
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Figure 1-8. In vivo confocal micros
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1.1.3 The Spectacles of Geckos Most
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1.1.4 The Spectacles of Amphisbaeni
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Gymnophthalmus (spectacled tegus) a
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appreciates on observing the sadly
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hydration state (van Doorn, unpubl.
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1.5 Adaptive Significance of the Sp
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diurnally active in hot and dry hab
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of his argument hinges on the prese
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• In Chapter 3, findings on the v
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2.1 Introduction This introduction
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2.2 Methods & Materials The experim
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To allow for extended high-magnific
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At 30 minutes into the experiment,
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packages. All statistical analyses
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2.3 Results 2.3.1 Spectacle blood f
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Figure 2-7. Graph of two representa
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2.4 Discussion The purpose of this
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vascular changes were occurring onl
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Chapter 3, Spectral Transmission of
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like the cornea, may exhibit simila
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The scales of both the right and le
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Figure 3-1. Spectral transmittance
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% Transmittance % Transmission % Tr
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% % Transmittance Transmission % %
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λ 50% (nm) 420 400 380 360 340 320
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Thickness (!m) Figure 3-7. Plot of
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Family Spearmanʼs rho p Colubridae
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virtue of both being characteristic
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nocturnal (Brattstrom 1952; Klauber
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Another potential factor that may g
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Page 93 and 94: 4.1 Introduction The reptilian spec
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Page 109 and 110: 4.3.4 2D Electrophoretic Comparison
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Page 119 and 120: evaluations of the elastic modulus
Page 121 and 122: References Addison WHF, How HW. 192
Page 123 and 124: Berkley MA, Wakins DW. 1973. Gratin
Page 125 and 126: Chou BR, Hawryshyn CW. 1987. Spectr
Page 127 and 128: Fox RH, Edholm OG. 1963. Nervous co
Page 129 and 130: Hinkley JA, Savitsky AH, River G, G
Page 131 and 132: Lee P, Wang CC, Adamis AP. 1998. Oc
Page 133 and 134: Mautz WJ. 1982. Patterns of evapora
Page 135 and 136: Rice GE, Bradshaw SD. 1980. Changes
Page 137 and 138: Sillman AJ, Govardovskiĭ WI, Röhl
Page 139: Valentin G. 1879a. Ein Beitrag zur
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