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Kellogg Jr DL. 2006. In vivo mechanisms of cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction in humans during thermoregulatory challenges. Journal of Applied Physiology 100: 1709-1718. Kennedy D, Milkman RD. 1956. Selective light absorption by the lenses of lower vertebrates, and its influence on spectral sensitivity. Biological Bulletin 111(3): 375-386. Kiltie RA. 2000. Scaling of visual acuity with body size in mammals and birds. Functional Ecolology 14: 226–234. Klauber LM. 1997. Rattlesnakes: their habits, life histories, and influence on mankind. 2nd Ed. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Klein M-CG, Deuschle JK, Gorb SN. 2010. Material properties of the skin of the Kenyan sand boa Gongylophis colubrinus (Squamata, Boidae). Journal of Comparative Physiology A 196(9): 659-668. Klein M-CG, Gorb SN. 2012. Epidermis architecture and material properties of the skin of four snake species. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface. August 15 [Epub ahead of print]. Kluge AG. 1967. Higher taxonomic categories of gekkonid lizards and their evolution. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135: 1-60. Kluge AG. 1987. Cladistic relationships in the Gekkonoidea (Squamata, Sauria). Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zooloogy. University of Michigan 173: 1–54. Land MF, Nilsson DE. 2002. Animal Eyes. New York: Oxford University Press. Landmann L. 1986. The skin of reptiles: epidermis and dermis. In: Bereiter-Hahn J, Matoltsy AG, Sylvia-Richards K, editors. Biology of the Integument, Vertebrates 2. New York: Springer. p 150–187. Landmann L, Stolinski C, Martin B. 1981. The permeability barrier in the epidermis of the grass snake during the resting stage of the sloughing cycle. Cell and Tissue Research 215: 369-382. Landreth HF. 1973. Orientation and behavior of the rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox. Copeia 1: 26-31. Lee MSY, Caldwell MW, Scanlon JD. 1999. A second primitive marine snake: Pachyophis woodwardi from the Cretaceous of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Journal of Zoology 248: 509-520. 117
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Investigations on the Reptilian Spe
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Abstract The eyes of snakes and mos
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Heritage Library, Smithsonian Libra
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2.2.1 Animals 36 2.2.2 Experimental
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List of Figures 1-1. The earliest a
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List of Tables 2-1. Durations of sp
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UV-A Ultraviolet A (315-400 nm) UV-
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“Il est de connaissance presque v
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1.1 Anatomy of the spectacle The si
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corneum, 2- an inner stratum corneu
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The two layers he described in the
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Figure 1-5. Illustration of the spe
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injected spectacles clearly shows t
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Figure 1-8. In vivo confocal micros
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1.1.3 The Spectacles of Geckos Most
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1.1.4 The Spectacles of Amphisbaeni
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Gymnophthalmus (spectacled tegus) a
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appreciates on observing the sadly
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hydration state (van Doorn, unpubl.
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1.5 Adaptive Significance of the Sp
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diurnally active in hot and dry hab
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of his argument hinges on the prese
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• In Chapter 3, findings on the v
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2.1 Introduction This introduction
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2.2 Methods & Materials The experim
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To allow for extended high-magnific
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At 30 minutes into the experiment,
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packages. All statistical analyses
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2.3 Results 2.3.1 Spectacle blood f
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Figure 2-7. Graph of two representa
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2.4 Discussion The purpose of this
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vascular changes were occurring onl
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Chapter 3, Spectral Transmission of
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like the cornea, may exhibit simila
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The scales of both the right and le
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Figure 3-1. Spectral transmittance
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% Transmittance % Transmission % Tr
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% % Transmittance Transmission % %
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λ 50% (nm) 420 400 380 360 340 320
Page 79 and 80: Thickness (!m) Figure 3-7. Plot of
Page 81 and 82: Family Spearmanʼs rho p Colubridae
Page 83 and 84: virtue of both being characteristic
Page 85 and 86: nocturnal (Brattstrom 1952; Klauber
Page 87 and 88: Another potential factor that may g
Page 89 and 90: Colubridae Colubrinae Elaphe taeniu
Page 91 and 92: Pythonidae Python sebae Rock Python
Page 93 and 94: 4.1 Introduction The reptilian spec
Page 95 and 96: thus be optimized to meet not only
Page 97 and 98: 4.2 Methods & Materials 4.2.1 Sampl
Page 99 and 100: for 15 minutes to remove all residu
Page 101 and 102: 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Keratins of Coach
Page 103 and 104: 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa > S1 P1 V1
Page 105 and 106: 76 kDa > 52 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa >
Page 107 and 108: 31 kDa > 24 kDa > 17 kDa > 12 kDa >
Page 109 and 110: 4.3.4 2D Electrophoretic Comparison
Page 111 and 112: kDa 76 - 52 - 38 - 31 - 24 - 17 - 1
Page 113 and 114: (2007a) have theorized that basic
Page 115 and 116: spectacle, this layer may be partic
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 5, Summary and Concluding R
Page 119 and 120: evaluations of the elastic modulus
Page 121 and 122: References Addison WHF, How HW. 192
Page 123 and 124: Berkley MA, Wakins DW. 1973. Gratin
Page 125 and 126: Chou BR, Hawryshyn CW. 1987. Spectr
Page 127 and 128: Fox RH, Edholm OG. 1963. Nervous co
Page 129: Hinkley JA, Savitsky AH, River G, G
Page 133 and 134: Mautz WJ. 1982. Patterns of evapora
Page 135 and 136: Rice GE, Bradshaw SD. 1980. Changes
Page 137 and 138: Sillman AJ, Govardovskiĭ WI, Röhl
Page 139 and 140: Valentin G. 1879a. Ein Beitrag zur
Page 141 and 142: Appendix A One cycle of spectacle b
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