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24 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE The view that the pearl is produced as a calcuhiswas originated bv Eeaumur in 1717, followed bj Bohadsc-h in 1761, Mas supported by Meckel and by Pagenstecher nearly a century later, and again by Dr, George Harley in 1889. I agree with Giard that a considerable resemblance between the pearl and an animal calculus is compatible with the parasitic theory. Calculi commonly form around a nucleus, and many parasites are known to hare calcified cysts deposited over them. Some pearls, not the best, are probably formed as calculus-like growths independently of vermean parasites. Even when the parasite is present, the pearl is produced by the mollusean host, and not by the parasite, and so has been justly compared by more than one writer to an animal gall. It is commonly thought that the Italian naturalist F. de Filippi originated in 1854 the view that the nucleus of the pearl is really organic, being an encapsuled parasite. But Giard has recently reminded us that Eondeletius propounded the same view in 1558, and that ages before that Androstheues, who had travelled in the East, is reported by Athena3us to have compared the developing pearls in the oyster to the Cestode larvae in pork. This, in the absence of microscopic examination, can scarcely be regarded as a scientific demonstration ; but it was, at least, a very happy guess, for one of the first facts Mr. Hornell and I were able to determine in connection with the Ceylon pearl oyster in the spring of 1902, was that the Orient pearl in the Gulf of Manaar is deposited around the young larva of a Cestode, Coming to actual identifications in comparatively recent times, we find that Filippi's pearl- parasite in Amdonta cygnea was the Trematode Distovnim duplicatum, v. Baer. Eobert Garner, in our own Journal (Zool. vol. xi. 1871, p. 426) records " Distomes " from both freshwater and marine mussels ; and Giard attributes the origin of pearls in Donax and Tellina to a species of Brachy- coeliwn—all cases of Trematoda. Several investigators since (such as Dubois and Jameson) have found the same to be true of the pearl-production in Mytilus edidis and in various other Pelecvpoda. Other observations, more recently, have shown Cestoda to be the worms concerned in the production of the Orient pearl ; but I do not go further into that matter on the present occasion, as my purpose is to remind you of the historic connection between Linnaeus and pearl-production. Most of the attempts * at artificial margarosis—the production of pearls by stimulation of tlie mollusc—have been based upon the belief that the nucleus of the natural pearl is an inorganic particle. The "grain-of-sand" theory was supported by Eedi and many other early naturalists, and is the view that has been most generally * There is also the other suggested method— by infection with the parasite which I hope to discuss on another occasion. —
UNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 25 adopted in the text-books and in edncated public opinion, as expressed in Sir Edwin Arnold's lines " Know you, pei'chance, how that, poor formless wretch The Oyster— gems his sh:ill
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THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY
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IBER 1906.] [Price 10s. PROCEEDINGS
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PRINTED BY TATIOK AKD PEANCIS, KED
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Publications of the Society issued
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2 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE Mr. W. C. WoES
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4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE January 15th,
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6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE February oth,
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6 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE reckoned that
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lO PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE April 2nd, 19
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12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2. The Evolut
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14 Dr. Julius Victor Carus. | PiiOC
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l6 PKOCEEDINGS OF TILE PRESIDENTIAL
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1 8 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE had beeu spa
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20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE digesting enz
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22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE I now returne
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2 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE this—that
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26 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE not adorn our
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28 PROCEEDIN^GS OF THE good employe
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30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE large collect
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32 PIlOCEEDI2^GS OF THE 8. The Geol
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34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE for the inA"e
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^6 PROCEEDIIS'GS OF THE Upper and L
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3° PEOCEEDINGS OF THE in our late
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40 PROCEEDINGS OE THE Sir DiETKiCH
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42 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE ABSTEACTS. jS
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44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE In the first
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46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE how the legum
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48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE June 4th, 190
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ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS TO THE LIBR
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52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Baker (Marcus
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54 — British Museum {continued.)
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56 PROCEEDnfGS OF THE Cole (William
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58 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE Ducret (Eugen
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6o PROCEEDINGS OF THE Froggatt (Wal
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62 PKOCEEDINGS OP THE Haiisgirg (An
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64 PEOCEKDINGS OF THE Joiick (Karl)
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66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Liverpool. Bi
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68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Milne-Edwards
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70 PKOCEBDINOS OF THE Pillai (T. Po
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72 PUOCEEDINGS OF THE Sclater (Will
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74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Sydney. Techn
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76 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE Warman (Phili
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78 PROCEEDINGS OE THE 2alilbruckner
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INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS. SESSION 1
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82 Gardiner, J. S., Marine Alga; co
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84 President, abstract of paper, 42
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PKIXTED BY TAYIOK AND FEANCIS, KED
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PRINTED BY TAYLOE AND FRANCIS, RED
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IV Publications of tte Society issu
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2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE of the Society
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4 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE be a Special M
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6 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE of Phaseolus v
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o PBOCEEDINGS OF THE March 3rd, 190
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lO PROCEEDINGS OF THE later meeting
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12 PKOCEEDINGS Of THE Mr. Philip i'
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14 o o CO CO o 5>i 3»^ to to f^ e"
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1 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Mr. V. H. Bl
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1 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE generosity,
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20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE most characte
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22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE has naturally
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24 PI10CEEDING8 Ol' THE Another per
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26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE part of the w
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28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ' Systeraa Na
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3° PEOCEEDINGS OF THE Only more pr
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32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Dr. Charles H
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34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE principal pub
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X ^6 PROCEEDINGS or THE became Gove
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38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Woronin is de
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40 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE Dr. E. Dbabbl
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42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIE
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44 PBOCEBDINGS OF THE Bailey (F. M.
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46 — PEOCEEDINQS OF THE BuUiard (
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48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Cowan (Thomas
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50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Flore de Buit
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52 PEOCEBDINGS OF THE Haeckel (E. H
Page 156 and 157: 54 PKOCEEBINGS OF XHK Ihering (Herm
Page 158 and 159: 56 PROCEEDINGS OP THE Leeuwenhoek (
Page 160 and 161: 58 PllOCEEDINGS or THE Manila (con.
Page 162 and 163: 6o tHOCElODlKGS OF THE Newstead (Ro
Page 164 and 165: 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Rhumbler (Lud
Page 166 and 167: 64 rEOCEEDlJSGS OF THE Stebbing {Ke
Page 168 and 169: 66 PEOCEKi)i;jfGS or the Warre {Bev
Page 170 and 171: 68 PROCEEDINGS OP THE LINNEAN SOCIE
Page 172 and 173: 70 Carpinus Betulus (Benson & Sanda
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Page 177 and 178: LIBRARY OF THE umvEMmr of iujnois
Page 179 and 180: PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY
Page 181 and 182: Frontispiece. CONTENTS. Page List o
Page 183 and 184: PROCEEDINGS or THE L1N;\EAN SOCIETY
Page 185 and 186: LINNEi-ir SOCIETY OF LONDON. 2. " S
Page 187 and 188: LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5 Her Gr
Page 189 and 190: LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7 Miss E
Page 191 and 192: — HNXEA;y SOCIETY OF LONDGX. 9 Th
Page 193 and 194: LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. II 4. Fu
Page 195 and 196: LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 growth
Page 197 and 198: Q LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 15
Page 199 and 200: — LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 An
Page 201 and 202: LINNEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 this
Page 203 and 204: LINJfEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 21 The
Page 205: LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONBON. 23 ova,
Page 209 and 210: LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 27 secre
Page 211 and 212: LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 29 Linne
Page 213 and 214: LINNEA.M SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3 and t
Page 215 and 216: LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. ^;^ visi
Page 217 and 218: LINXEAX SOCIETY Of LOXDOX. 35 At th
Page 219 and 220: LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 37 niau
Page 221 and 222: LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39 Works
Page 223 and 224: LINNBAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 4 our So
Page 225 and 226: LINNEAN SOCIETY Or LONDON. 43 his f
Page 227 and 228: LINNEAN SOCIETY Or LONDON. 45 With
Page 229 and 230: LINNEAN SOCIETY OF hOyDOyi. 47 trib
Page 231 and 232: LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 4{; twen
Page 233 and 234: LINNEAX SOCIEXr OF LONDON. 5 I fame
Page 235 and 236: LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 53 his r
Page 237 and 238: LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 55 explo
Page 239 and 240: LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 57 Corif
Page 241 and 242: LIXNEAX SOCIETY (tl' LOXDOX. 59 ABS
Page 243 and 244: LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 6i Phyto
Page 245 and 246: LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 63 Dr, H
Page 247 and 248: ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS TO THE LI B
Page 249 and 250: LINNE.VK SOCIKTY OF LOXDOX. 67 Barc
Page 251 and 252: British Museum {continued). LIXNEAN
Page 253 and 254: LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7 I Camb
Page 255 and 256: MNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 73 Daday
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) ; : LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 75
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. LIXXKAX SOCIEXV OF LOXDOX. 77 Hoc
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MNNEAN SOCIETY OV LONDON. '9 Eand I
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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 8l [Marf
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LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 83 Phila
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LIITNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 85 Saff
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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOHTBON. 87 True
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INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS. SESSION 1
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Dillenius , J. J., Koeleria valesia
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Nepenthes, Hybrid, exhibited by W.
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Thaliacea, Biscajan Plankton. Pt. I
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I'KINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. RED
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Publications of the Society issued
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— 2 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE distributi
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4 PROCBEDIIS'GS OP THE Mr. W. T. Hi
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O PEOCEEDINGS OF THE as recommendat
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Grocm, Prof. P. Giinther, Dr. A., F
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lO PBOCEEDnSTGS OE THE In oceanogra
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12 PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE Miss Nina Tra
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14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE (who was pres
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o CO o ^ ^ ^ i6 PBOCEBDINGS OF IHE
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J 8 PKOCEEDINGS Or THE PEESIDENTIAL
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20 PROCEEDI^^GS OF THE Trustees hav
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22 PROCKEDIXGS OY THE recount again
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94 PEOCEEDINGS OE THE since I came
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26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE an insect" in
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28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE to the life-h
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30 — PKOCBEDINGS OF THE The ballo
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32 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE very extensiv
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34 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE and was publi
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36 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE Lord Tennyson
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38 PEOCEEDDfGS Or THE Edinburgh Aca
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40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE commodious ho
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42 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE Koelliker's v
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44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE favourably st
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46 PROCEEDINGS OE THE Mrs. Percy Sl
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48 PBOCEEDIIS-GS OF THE The genus E
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50 l'KCC£EDJ>'GS OF THE purported
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52 PEOCEEDI]S"GS OF THE ABSTEACTS.
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54 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE Vascular Cryp
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56 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE lY. The Evolu
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58 PEOCEEDI^'GS OF THE these organs
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6o PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE fi'iend. He p
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62 PEOCEEDi:>GS OF THE The engravin
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64 PnOCEEDI^'GS OF THE family. At o
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66 PUOC'KEiJlNGS OF THE no more at
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68 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE Archbishop vo
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CARL VON I.INNE. Proc. Linn. Soc.,1
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CARL VON LINNE. Proc. Linn. Soc, 19
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CARL VON LINNE. Proc. Linn. Soc, 19
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CARL VON LINNE. Proc. Linn. Soc.,19
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70 PliOCKEUIN^GS or THE BENEFACTION
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72 PROCEEniXGS OF THE 1843. Subscri
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74 rEOCEEDTKGS Of THE 1880. The Sec
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76 PEOCEEDINGS Or THE LINNEAN SOCIE
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7 8 rK0CBi:DiNGS or the Antarctique
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8o PKOCEEDINGS OF THE British Museu
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82 PROCEEDI>-GS OF THE Casado (Manu
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84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Dublin. Depar
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86 PKOCEEDIXGS Oi" TUK Fletcher (Ja
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S8 PBOCEEDI>'GS OF THE Hall (Alfred
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go PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE Jagerskiold (
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92 PEOCEEDIiJfGS OF THE Leuckart (R
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94 PEOCEEDIXGS OF xnE Chajtognatha,
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g6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Moeller (Jose
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98 PROCEEDITs'GS OP THE Oxford. See
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lOO PllOCEEDIKGS OF THE Rothpletz (
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I02 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE Sim (Thomas
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104 pkoceedijsgs of the ' Triton,'
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Io6 niOCEEDINGS OF XITE Wintons(A.
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I08 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE DONATIONS IN
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I lO PPiOCEEDI^'GS OF THE fill in t
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112 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE like some of
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114 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE LIXXEAX SOCI
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ii6 IXDEX. Cliamberlain, V. I., dec
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iiS Poulton, Prof. E. B., elected C
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