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Table of Contents List of Figures.................................................................................................................. v Attestation of Authorship................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgements........................................................................................................ vii Dedication.....................................................................................................................viii Abstract........................................................................................................................... ix Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1 The best interests test as a decision making mechanism ......................................... 1 The philosophical problem ...................................................................................... 4 Re Y [1997] (England)............................................................................................. 4 Responses to the best interests test .......................................................................... 7 Critique of the best interest test in particular cases.................................................. 8 Critique of the best interest test in North America ................................................ 10 Responses to indeterminacy................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1 - The objectivist myth ................................................................................... 15 Fact / value distinction............................................................................................... 15 Value-free approaches to law and medicine .......................................................... 16 Legal positivism – the basic problem .................................................................... 17 Values and reasoning ............................................................................................. 18 Values + evidence.................................................................................................. 19 What is the fact / value distinction?....................................................................... 20 What is a value?..................................................................................................... 22 Aren’t some values fundamental?.......................................................................... 23 Where do values come from? ................................................................................ 25 Socialisation as the source of values...................................................................... 27 Values instrumentality ............................................................................................... 29 Biological instrumentality of values ...................................................................... 31 The role of cultural and societal values in decision making.................................. 32 Professional and institutional values...................................................................... 33 The complete picture.............................................................................................. 34 Values-based law and the myth of legal reasoning.................................................... 36 Law as a system of rules ........................................................................................ 37 The necessary role of values in legal process ........................................................ 39 i
Legal principle ....................................................................................................... 40 Precedent................................................................................................................ 43 The judge ............................................................................................................... 44 Dworkin and interpretation.................................................................................... 46 Ethics...................................................................................................................... 48 Ethical objectivism................................................................................................. 49 Kant........................................................................................................................ 52 Utilitarianism ......................................................................................................... 55 Calculating happiness ............................................................................................ 57 Values and law....................................................................................................... 59 Summary................................................................................................................ 59 Chapter 2 – Values-based Law ...................................................................................... 61 Lord of the Flies..................................................................................................... 62 Part One – Law, Values and Reasoning..................................................................... 62 Objectivity.............................................................................................................. 62 Socialisation and internalisation ............................................................................ 64 Emotion and feelings ............................................................................................. 66 External influences................................................................................................. 67 Individual values and social order – how does one lead to the other?................... 69 Part Two – The State of Nature ................................................................................. 71 Unpeeling the layers .............................................................................................. 71 Developing the model - Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau ......................................... 75 Part three - Kuhn’s theory of scientific revolutions................................................... 82 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions................................................................. 82 Kuhn’s theory and Stage 2 of values-based law .................................................... 83 Paradigm conflict................................................................................................... 85 Applying the model to discrete areas of law - micro and macro states of nature.. 87 Stage 3 to 4 of values-based law – success of the new paradigm......................... 89 Absence of a state of nature................................................................................... 90 Fixing the paradigm ............................................................................................... 91 Kuhn’s process of normalisation ........................................................................... 92 Berger and Luckmann’s process of objectivication............................................... 93 Objectification of laws, rules and conventions...................................................... 94 Theoretical methods for fixing laws ...................................................................... 95 ii
Page 1: A Philosophical Critique of the Bes
Page 5 and 6: Legal process .....................
Page 7 and 8: Attestation of Authorship “I here
Page 9 and 10: Dedication To all the people who ha
Page 11 and 12: Introduction This thesis is a philo
Page 13 and 14: • Detention of an adult with auti
Page 15 and 16: compatible donor. Y appeared to be
Page 17 and 18: grounds. The value judgements which
Page 19 and 20: Cases concerning sterilisation of w
Page 21 and 22: esearch, Mercer identified the bias
Page 23 and 24: the judge conclude that the applica
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 - The objectivist myth Th
Page 27 and 28: purely empirically and scientifical
Page 29 and 30: of values-based law is based on the
Page 31 and 32: knowledge, and suggests that if kno
Page 33 and 34: Aren’t some values fundamental? A
Page 35 and 36: economics and sociology. A differen
Page 37 and 38: Some of Damasio’s everyday exampl
Page 39 and 40: longer do so? Or because he has no-
Page 41 and 42: Hume’s psychology of the passions
Page 43 and 44: authority is refuted by Kohlberg’
Page 45 and 46: Societies and cultures Biological f
Page 47 and 48: cases by means of precedent; “by
Page 49 and 50: throughout the world. Sir Meadow ac
Page 51 and 52: paradigm, legal methods are employe
Page 53 and 54:
Precedent It has been argued that w
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eading the same newspapers and watc
Page 57 and 58:
Dworkin’s response appears to be
Page 59 and 60:
that the behaviour has detrimental
Page 61 and 62:
means, for example, that people are
Page 63 and 64:
Kant’s philosophy is uncompromisi
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know the victim is your son. Kant
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greatest number. Faced with the ver
Page 69 and 70:
eal life decisions is impossible wi
Page 71 and 72:
Chapter 2 - Values-based Law There
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ules which is decisive on every iss
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the social world that we live in. C
Page 77 and 78:
Consider another incident in Lord o
Page 79 and 80:
35). However, as I have tried to sh
Page 81 and 82:
Part Two - The State of Nature The
Page 83 and 84:
maintaining the fire. The fire goes
Page 85 and 86:
the boys, they discard their identi
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Locke, 2002, p. 3 Accordingly, natu
Page 89 and 90:
Stage three is the state of nature.
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Describing the background to his no
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longer calmer periods - which he ca
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As time distanced the boys from the
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In response to the new paradigm, th
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The public debate facilitates the e
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Consider the enactment of English p
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sun. And so on. We do not say, at t
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Theoretical methods for fixing laws
Page 107 and 108:
Consider the recent enactment of th
Page 109 and 110:
Chapter 3 - Bad Faith Values-based
Page 111 and 112:
In Being and Nothingness Sartre int
Page 113 and 114:
What makes bad faith bad? If we per
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How can we believe by bad faith in
Page 117 and 118:
Good faith A further implication of
Page 119 and 120:
mother.” (Warnock, 1978, p. 117).
Page 121 and 122:
The Milgram experiments and bad fai
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The agentic state From his findings
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Self-deception For Sartre, self-dec
Page 127 and 128:
to continue to follow the orders of
Page 129 and 130:
state in which soldiers become inst
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emain unanswered and important aspe
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Conscious awareness However success
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Objectification. Intention Deceptio
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Case study 2 - the American soldier
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of this kind, unfathomable situatio
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Good faith Gillman’s research dem
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the question at hand. The question
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opportunities for discussion and de
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situations we meet in our every day
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I contend that because we seek cert
Page 151 and 152:
For years, health professionals hav
Page 153 and 154:
The sterilisation was regarded as u
Page 155 and 156:
the sterilisation procedure would b
Page 157 and 158:
Decision making is further inhibite
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subjectivity and denying the inesca
Page 161 and 162:
uncertainty about the provision of
Page 163 and 164:
In 3 instances 12 it was establishe
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childbirth, child-rearing, and that
Page 167 and 168:
More recent research supports Saber
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doctor reported that C “did under
Page 171 and 172:
assertion that traditional societie
Page 173 and 174:
Re M appears to be the only case in
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irregular periods. The mother descr
Page 177 and 178:
hysterectomy for a 29 year old woma
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Three cases adopted a predominantly
Page 181 and 182:
A cluster of cases from Australia f
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equires a ceasarian section deliver
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(1) In determining for the purposes
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clinical judgement values are objec
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Conclusion and recommendations An a
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allocation of scarce health resourc
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Values transparency in best interes
Page 195 and 196:
What if… judges were able to expl
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Epilogue I write this epilogue in r
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of high quality research’ at the
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Visualising our personal values on
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Rational fields Rational fields and
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Type 5: ‘Filing reality - classif
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Within the rational field is not on
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conclusion about value, about what
Page 211 and 212:
A similar picture emerges from the
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The present appeal raises moral, le
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expressing differing emotional resp
Page 217 and 218:
Environment Doctor knows best Relat
Page 219 and 220:
Statute The Code of Health and Disa
Page 221 and 222:
Re S (Medical Treatment; Adult Ster
Page 223 and 224:
Biegler, P. (2002). Should patients
Page 225 and 226:
Eastman, N., & Peay, J. (1999). Law
Page 227 and 228:
Henaghan, M. (2002). Human rights a
Page 229 and 230:
Laurie, G. T., & Mason, J. K. (2000
Page 231 and 232:
Myser, C. (1994). A philolosophical
Page 233 and 234:
Singer, P. (2001). Writings on an E
Page 235 and 236:
Case reference Re H [1993] NZFLR LE
Page 237 and 238:
Re S (Medical Treatment; Adult Ster
Page 239 and 240:
In re B (A Minor) Wardship: Sterili
Page 241 and 242:
Case reference Re X (Sterilisation:
Page 243 and 244:
Re Marion (No 2) [1992] 17 FamLR Au
Page 245 and 246:
Re S (Adult Patient: Sterilisation)
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