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Moving from stage 4 and returning to stage 1 of values-based law ...................... 96 Summary................................................................................................................ 97 Chapter 3 – Bad Faith .................................................................................................... 99 Sartre, existentialism and bad faith – a brief introduction..................................... 99 Sartre’s bad faith...................................................................................................... 100 Existentialism and bad faith – critique and application....................................... 101 The problem with nothingness............................................................................. 101 What makes bad faith bad?.................................................................................. 103 Do we deceive ourselves?.................................................................................... 104 Conscious intention and self-deception ............................................................... 104 Good faith ............................................................................................................ 107 Summary of the central aspects of Sartre’s bad faith .......................................... 109 The Milgram experiments and bad faith.................................................................. 111 The experiments................................................................................................... 112 The agentic state .................................................................................................. 113 A spectrum of bad faith........................................................................................ 113 Self-deception ...................................................................................................... 115 External influences............................................................................................... 116 Self-deception and conscious intention ............................................................... 118 Working towards a framework ............................................................................ 120 Values-based law interpretation of bad faith ....................................................... 121 Definition and key components ........................................................................... 122 Case study 1 – the American soldier in Iraq........................................................ 124 Case study 2 – the American soldier in Vietnam................................................. 127 Case study 3 – objectifying people with a learning disability ............................. 129 A limitation of the theory..................................................................................... 131 Case study 4 – Shortland v Northland Health (No 2).......................................... 131 Summary.............................................................................................................. 136 Chapter 4 - Values and best interest determinations.................................................... 138 The process of revolution......................................................................................... 139 The new paradigm................................................................................................ 139 The conflict between the new and the old paradigm ........................................... 140 The period of conflict and best interest determinations....................................... 142 Legal uncertainty ..................................................................................................... 144 iii
Legal process ....................................................................................................... 146 Bad faith and best interest determinations............................................................... 148 Terminology and formatting................................................................................ 149 Case selection....................................................................................................... 149 Approach and emerging themes........................................................................... 150 The prevention of pregnancy ............................................................................... 151 Freedom and independence.................................................................................. 153 Pregnancy and medicalisation.............................................................................. 154 The effects of sterilisation.................................................................................... 156 Involvement of the people concerned.................................................................. 157 Parenting .............................................................................................................. 160 Eugenics............................................................................................................... 160 Alternatives to sterilisation .................................................................................. 163 Menstrual management........................................................................................ 164 Best interests + Bolam = bad faith?......................................................................... 167 Human rights........................................................................................................ 168 Indeterminacy and the new paradigm.................................................................. 172 Legislation............................................................................................................ 174 The persistence of the new paradigm................................................................... 175 Summary.............................................................................................................. 177 Conclusion and recommendations ............................................................................... 179 Values transparency in best interest determinations................................................ 183 Education ............................................................................................................. 184 Epilogue ....................................................................................................................... 187 The basic problem................................................................................................ 187 Existing foundations ............................................................................................ 188 What are values and where do they come from? ................................................. 190 Rational fields ...................................................................................................... 193 What is a rational field? ....................................................................................... 196 Applying the theory to best interest determinations ............................................ 197 The rational field frame ....................................................................................... 200 Relativism and ethical objectivism ...................................................................... 204 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 208 Statute .......................................................................................................................... 209 iv
Page 1 and 2: A Philosophical Critique of the Bes
Page 3: Legal principle ...................
Page 7 and 8: Attestation of Authorship “I here
Page 9 and 10: Dedication To all the people who ha
Page 11 and 12: Introduction This thesis is a philo
Page 13 and 14: • Detention of an adult with auti
Page 15 and 16: compatible donor. Y appeared to be
Page 17 and 18: grounds. The value judgements which
Page 19 and 20: Cases concerning sterilisation of w
Page 21 and 22: esearch, Mercer identified the bias
Page 23 and 24: the judge conclude that the applica
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 - The objectivist myth Th
Page 27 and 28: purely empirically and scientifical
Page 29 and 30: of values-based law is based on the
Page 31 and 32: knowledge, and suggests that if kno
Page 33 and 34: Aren’t some values fundamental? A
Page 35 and 36: economics and sociology. A differen
Page 37 and 38: Some of Damasio’s everyday exampl
Page 39 and 40: longer do so? Or because he has no-
Page 41 and 42: Hume’s psychology of the passions
Page 43 and 44: authority is refuted by Kohlberg’
Page 45 and 46: Societies and cultures Biological f
Page 47 and 48: cases by means of precedent; “by
Page 49 and 50: throughout the world. Sir Meadow ac
Page 51 and 52: paradigm, legal methods are employe
Page 53 and 54: Precedent It has been argued that w
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eading the same newspapers and watc
Page 57 and 58:
Dworkin’s response appears to be
Page 59 and 60:
that the behaviour has detrimental
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means, for example, that people are
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Kant’s philosophy is uncompromisi
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know the victim is your son. Kant
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greatest number. Faced with the ver
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eal life decisions is impossible wi
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Chapter 2 - Values-based Law There
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ules which is decisive on every iss
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the social world that we live in. C
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Consider another incident in Lord o
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35). However, as I have tried to sh
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Part Two - The State of Nature The
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maintaining the fire. The fire goes
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the boys, they discard their identi
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Locke, 2002, p. 3 Accordingly, natu
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Stage three is the state of nature.
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Describing the background to his no
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longer calmer periods - which he ca
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As time distanced the boys from the
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In response to the new paradigm, th
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The public debate facilitates the e
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Consider the enactment of English p
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sun. And so on. We do not say, at t
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Theoretical methods for fixing laws
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Consider the recent enactment of th
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Chapter 3 - Bad Faith Values-based
Page 111 and 112:
In Being and Nothingness Sartre int
Page 113 and 114:
What makes bad faith bad? If we per
Page 115 and 116:
How can we believe by bad faith in
Page 117 and 118:
Good faith A further implication of
Page 119 and 120:
mother.” (Warnock, 1978, p. 117).
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The Milgram experiments and bad fai
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The agentic state From his findings
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Self-deception For Sartre, self-dec
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to continue to follow the orders of
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state in which soldiers become inst
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emain unanswered and important aspe
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Conscious awareness However success
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Objectification. Intention Deceptio
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Case study 2 - the American soldier
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of this kind, unfathomable situatio
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Good faith Gillman’s research dem
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the question at hand. The question
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opportunities for discussion and de
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situations we meet in our every day
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I contend that because we seek cert
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For years, health professionals hav
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The sterilisation was regarded as u
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the sterilisation procedure would b
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Decision making is further inhibite
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subjectivity and denying the inesca
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uncertainty about the provision of
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In 3 instances 12 it was establishe
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childbirth, child-rearing, and that
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More recent research supports Saber
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doctor reported that C “did under
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assertion that traditional societie
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Re M appears to be the only case in
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irregular periods. The mother descr
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hysterectomy for a 29 year old woma
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Three cases adopted a predominantly
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A cluster of cases from Australia f
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equires a ceasarian section deliver
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(1) In determining for the purposes
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clinical judgement values are objec
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Conclusion and recommendations An a
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allocation of scarce health resourc
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Values transparency in best interes
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What if… judges were able to expl
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Epilogue I write this epilogue in r
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of high quality research’ at the
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Visualising our personal values on
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Rational fields Rational fields and
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Type 5: ‘Filing reality - classif
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Within the rational field is not on
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conclusion about value, about what
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A similar picture emerges from the
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The present appeal raises moral, le
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expressing differing emotional resp
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Environment Doctor knows best Relat
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Statute The Code of Health and Disa
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Re S (Medical Treatment; Adult Ster
Page 223 and 224:
Biegler, P. (2002). Should patients
Page 225 and 226:
Eastman, N., & Peay, J. (1999). Law
Page 227 and 228:
Henaghan, M. (2002). Human rights a
Page 229 and 230:
Laurie, G. T., & Mason, J. K. (2000
Page 231 and 232:
Myser, C. (1994). A philolosophical
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Singer, P. (2001). Writings on an E
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Case reference Re H [1993] NZFLR LE
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Re S (Medical Treatment; Adult Ster
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In re B (A Minor) Wardship: Sterili
Page 241 and 242:
Case reference Re X (Sterilisation:
Page 243 and 244:
Re Marion (No 2) [1992] 17 FamLR Au
Page 245 and 246:
Re S (Adult Patient: Sterilisation)
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