Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Renewable Fuel Standard ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

EIA projection, and that the cellulosic ethanol production volume would be 0.25 billion gallons based on the Energy Act's requirement that 250 million gallons of cellulosic ethanol be produced starting in the next year, 2013. The remaining renewable fuel volumes in each scenario would be ethanol made from corn. The total volumes for all three scenarios are shown in Table IX.B.1-1. For the purposes of calculating the R values, we assumed the ethanol volumes are 5% denatured, and the volumes were converted to total Btu using the appropriate volumetric energy content values (76,000 Btu/gal for ethanol, and 118,000 Btu/gal for biodiesel). Table IX.B.1-1 Volume scenarios in 2012 (billion gallons) Reference RFS Required Volume: Projected Volume: Case 7.5 B gal 9.9 B gal Corn-ethanol 3.9 6.95 9.35 Cellulosic ethanol 0.0 0.25 0.25 Biodiesel 0.028 0.3 0.3 Total volume 3.928 7.5 9.9 Since the impacts of increased renewable fuel use were measured relative to the 2012 reference case, the value of R actually represented the incremental amount of renewable fuel between the reference case and each of the two other scenarios. 2. Lifecycle Impacts Of Conventional Fuel Use (LC) In order to determine the lifecycle impact that increased renewable fuel volumes may have on any particular endpoint (fossil fuel consumption or emissions of GHGs), we also needed to know the conventional fuel inventory on a lifecycle basis. Since available sources of GHG emissions are provided on a direct rather than a lifecycle basis, we converted these direct emission and energy estimates into their lifecycle counterparts. We used GREET to develop multiplicative factors for converting direct (vehicle-based) emissions of GHGs and energy use into full lifecycle factors. Table IX.B.2-1 shows the total lifecycle petroleum and GHG emissions associated with direct use of a Btu value of gasoline and diesel fuel. Table IX.B.2-1 Lifecycle Emissions and Energy (LC Values) Gasoline Diesel Petroleum (Btu/Btu) 1.11 1.10 Fossil fuel (Btu/Btu) 1.22 1.21 GHG (Tg-CO2-eq/QBtu) 99.4 94.5 CO2 (Tg-CO2/QBtu) 94.2 91.9 - 180 -
3. Displacement Indexes (DI) The displacement index (DI) represents the percent reduction in GHG emissions or fossil fuel energy brought about by the use of a renewable fuel in comparison to the conventional gasoline or diesel that the renewable fuel replaces. The formula for calculating the displacement index depends on which fuel is being displaced (i.e. gasoline or diesel), and which endpoint is of interest (e.g. petroleum energy, GHG). For instance, when investigating the CO2 impacts of ethanol used in gasoline, the displacement index is calculated as follows: DI CO2 = 1 - lifecycle CO2 emitted for ethanol in g/Btu lifecycle CO2 emitted for gasoline in g/Btu The units of g/Btu ensure that the comparison between the renewable fuel and the conventional fuel is made on a common basis, and that differences in the volumetric energy content of the fuels is taken into account. The denominator includes the CO2 emitted through combustion of the gasoline itself in addition to all the CO2 emitted during its manufacturer and distribution. The numerator, in contrast, includes only the CO2 emitted during the manufacturer and distribution of ethanol, not the CO2 emitted during combustion of the ethanol. The combustion of biomass-based fuels, such as ethanol from corn and woody crops, generates CO2. However, in the long run the CO2 emitted from biomass-based fuels combustion does not increase atmospheric CO2 concentrations, assuming the biogenic carbon emitted is offset by the uptake of CO2 resulting from the growth of new biomass. As a result, CO2 emissions from biomass-based fuels combustion are not included in their lifecycle emissions results and are not used in the CO2 displacement index calculations shown above. Using GREET, we calculated the lifecycle values for energy consumed and GHGs produced for corn-ethanol, cellulosic ethanol, and soybean-based biodiesel. These values were in turn used to calculate the displacement indexes. The results are shown in Table IX.B.3-1. Details of these calculations can be found in Chapter 6 of the RIA. As noted previously, different models can result in different estimates. For example, whereas GREET estimates a net GHG reduction of about 26% for corn ethanol compared to gasoline, the previously cited works by Farrell et al. estimates around a 13% reduction. - 181 -
Page 1 and 2:
The Administrator signed the follow
Page 3 and 4:
Ave., NW, Washington DC. This Docke
Page 5 and 6:
Table of contents: I. Background A.
Page 7 and 8:
C. Requirements for Producers and I
Page 9 and 10:
G. Executive Order 13045: Protectio
Page 11 and 12:
The increased use of renewable fuel
Page 13 and 14:
establish the applicable national v
Page 15 and 16:
Today's proposal outlines the full
Page 17 and 18:
enewable fuel feedstock market pric
Page 19 and 20:
Unlike VOC and NOx, emissions of CO
Page 21 and 22:
These renewable feedstocks are then
Page 23 and 24:
5. Potential Water Quality Impacts
Page 25 and 26:
enewable fuel volume which each par
Page 27 and 28:
certain volume of renewable fuel. E
Page 29 and 30:
est practices would have the option
Page 31 and 32:
As stated, the renewable fuel stand
Page 33 and 34:
enewable fuel volumes in the calcul
Page 35 and 36:
For illustrative purposes, we have
Page 37 and 38:
These credit provisions have meanin
Page 39 and 40:
Stdi = The RFS program standard for
Page 41 and 42:
gasoline. The Act is unclear on whe
Page 43 and 44:
. Ethanol Made From Any Feedstock I
Page 45 and 46:
generate thermal energy used to pro
Page 47 and 48:
animal wastes, including poultry fa
Page 49 and 50:
limit this program solely to a stra
Page 51 and 52:
presence of the denaturant. For ins
Page 53 and 54:
First, doing so could create an inc
Page 55 and 56:
For purposes of this preamble, the
Page 57 and 58:
capability for all of the small ref
Page 59 and 60:
trading program, without any per ga
Page 61 and 62:
obligated parties. However, there i
Page 63 and 64:
particular importance for 2013 and
Page 65 and 66:
have to significantly change their
Page 67 and 68:
The D code would identify cellulosi
Page 69 and 70:
Another case in which a RIN may not
Page 71 and 72:
Section IV. In the context of demon
Page 73 and 74:
equired volumes shown in Table I.B-
Page 75 and 76:
We request comment on the valid lif
Page 77 and 78:
e used for current year compliance.
Page 79 and 80:
equirements by roughly 10 to 30 per
Page 81 and 82:
4. Provisions For Exporters Of Rene
Page 83 and 84:
Previous-year RINs: RINs that came
Page 85 and 86:
a. Responsibilities Of Renewable Fu
Page 87 and 88:
another, in electronic or paper for
Page 89 and 90:
e a one-to-one correspondence betwe
Page 91 and 92:
Parent batch Actual volume (gal) Ba
Page 93 and 94:
should also have the right to separ
Page 95 and 96:
3. Distribution Of Separated RINs O
Page 97 and 98:
obligated parties to exercise marke
Page 99 and 100:
Our proposed program is designed to
Page 101 and 102:
As discussed in Section III.D, it i
Page 103 and 104:
additional enforcement burdens plac
Page 105 and 106:
B. Requirements for Obligated Parti
Page 107 and 108:
fuel and containing identifying inf
Page 109 and 110:
We request comment on our proposed
Page 111 and 112:
We also request comment on our prop
Page 113 and 114:
The refiner or importer would be li
Page 115 and 116:
Plant Feedstock Corn a Table VI.A.1
Page 117 and 118:
Leading the Midwest in ethanol prod
Page 119 and 120:
EPA forecasts ethanol production to
Page 121 and 122:
As shown in Table VI.A.2-1 and Figu
Page 123 and 124:
3. Current Ethanol and MTBE Consump
Page 125 and 126:
Oxygenate Use (Bgal) 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.
Page 127 and 128:
change from the 2004 base case. 53
Page 129 and 130: per gallon to biodiesel produced fr
Page 131 and 132: ased on the assumption that the ble
Page 133 and 134: Modifications to the rail, barge, t
Page 135 and 136: other waste materials as discussed
Page 137 and 138: elatively small fraction of the tot
Page 139 and 140: production costs using prices for s
Page 141 and 142: the capital cost of making the nece
Page 143 and 144: information on biodiesel freight co
Page 145 and 146: For further details on RVP reductio
Page 147 and 148: assuming only that blending of etha
Page 149 and 150: costs). At a $70 per barrel crude o
Page 151 and 152: gasoline use scenarios will cost th
Page 153 and 154: the incentive to blend in ethanol b
Page 155 and 156: supporting this rulemaking. We hope
Page 157 and 158: We base our estimates of fuel quali
Page 159 and 160: Table VIII.A.1.b-2 Effect of MTBE a
Page 161 and 162: pre-1998 model year onroad diesel e
Page 163 and 164: 1. Primary Analysis The national em
Page 165 and 166: Table VIII.B.1-4 Annual Emissions N
Page 167 and 168: RFG due to the absence of an RVP wa
Page 169 and 170: increase in ambient ozone levels is
Page 171 and 172: developing a model of secondary org
Page 173 and 174: IX. Impacts On Fossil Fuel Consumpt
Page 175 and 176: intended to help fuel producers est
Page 177 and 178: efficiency and to reduce air emissi
Page 179: combined those displacement indexes
Page 183 and 184: Table IX.C.1-1 Fossil fuel impacts
Page 185 and 186: as on the exports of agricultural p
Page 187 and 188: which may change in response to an
Page 189 and 190: X. Agricultural Sector Economic Imp
Page 191 and 192: XI. Public Participation We request
Page 193 and 194: ways to comply with any previously
Page 195 and 196: small refiner under this proposal.
Page 197 and 198: meet these criteria to be considere
Page 199 and 200: “economically significant” as d
Page 201 and 202: 40 CFR Part 80 is proposed to be am
Page 203 and 204: (b) Renewable Fuel Standard for 200
Page 205 and 206: (2) The term “Renewable fuel” i
Page 207 and 208: RFStdi = Renewable Fuel Standard in
Page 209 and 210: a party’s renewable volume obliga
Page 211 and 212: (a) YYYY is the calendar year in wh
Page 213 and 214: (ii) The value for EEEEEE in an ext
Page 215 and 216: (2) A deficit is calculated accordi
Page 217 and 218: (a) (1) Any party that exports any
Page 219 and 220: (e) If a refiner is complying on an
Page 221 and 222: calendar year; however, disqualific
Page 223 and 224: §80.76, if such information has no
Page 225 and 226: (1) A summary report of the annual
Page 227 and 228: (4) Reports shall be submitted on f
Page 229 and 230: (1) Fail to acquire sufficient RINs
Page 231 and 232:
(b) The following attest procedures
Page 233 and 234:
(B) That the RFS-FRGAS remained seg
Page 235 and 236:
EPA employees or EPA contractors, f
Page 237 and 238:
(iv) Determine the date and time th
Page 239:
(ii) Be licensed as a Certified Pub
show all

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Renewable Fuel Standard ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?