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Section 3: Outcomes 3.1 Were the outcome measures and procedures reliable? Were outcome measures subjective or objective (e.g. biochemically validated nicotine levels [++] vs selfreported smoking [−]). How reliable were outcome measures (e.g. inter- or intrarater reliability scores)? Was there any indication that measures had been validated (e.g. against a gold standard measure or assessed for content validity)? 3.2 Were the outcome measurements complete? Were all or most of the study participants who met the defined study outcome definitions likely to have been identified? 3.3 Were all the important outcomes assessed? Were all the important benefits and harms assessed? Was it possible to determine the overall balance of benefits and harms of the intervention versus comparison? 3.4 Was there a similar follow-up time in exposure and comparison groups? If groups are followed for different lengths of time, then more events are likely to occur in the group followedup for longer distorting the comparison. Analyses can be adjusted to allow for differences in length of follow-up (e.g. using ++ + − NR NA ++ + − NR NA ++ + − NR NA ++ + − NR NA Comments: Comments: Comments: Comments: Appendix 2.6 What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 108
person-years). 3.5 Was follow-up time meaningful? Was follow-up long enough to assess long-term benefits and harms? Was it too long, e.g. participants lost to follow-up? Section 4: Analyses 4.1 Was the study sufficiently powered to detect an intervention effect (if one exists)? A power of 0.8 (i.e. it is likely to see an effect of a given size if one exists, 80% of the time) is the conventionally accepted standard. Is a power calculation presented? If not, what is the expected effect size? Is the sample size adequate? 4.2 Were multiple explanatory variables considered in the analyses? Were there sufficient explanatory variables considered in the analysis? 4.3 Were the analytical methods appropriate? Were important differences in follow-up time and likely confounders adjusted for? 4.4 Was the precision of association given or calculable? Is association meaningful? Were confidence intervals (CIs) and/or p- values for effect estimates given or ++ + − NR NA ++ + − NR NA ++ + − NR NA ++ + − NR NA ++ + − NR Comments: Comments: Comments: Comments: Comments: Appendix 2.6 What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 109
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Systematic review What are the effe
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Contents List of abbreviations ....
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List of abbreviations AIDS Acquired
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Executive summary Background Execut
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Executive summary be to retrospecti
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Background many LICs and LMCs, it i
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Background Cross-sectional surveys
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Background For some causes of mater
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Background informal settlements on
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Background review focused on explic
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Types of intervention Interventions
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Box 2.2: Websites searched AFD (Age
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second stage previously described f
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using qualitative analysis to attem
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Figure 3.1: Filtering of papers fro
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Middle East and North Africa (8%) S
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Search results access or satisfacti
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4. Synthesis results Summary Synthe
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Synthesis results Four studies focu
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Drug treatments (including micronut
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Synthesis results Training and audi
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Synthesis results order to be effec
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Synthesis results government admini
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HIV/AIDS and Malaria, as well as no
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Synthesis results ASSESSING THE COS
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and birthing care services, includi
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Synthesis results of settings were
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Figure 4.1: Causal chain for matern
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4.3 Summary of results of causal ch
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5. Strengths and limitations Summar
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6. Conclusions and recommendations
Page 63 and 64: Conclusions and recommendations Urb
Page 65 and 66: References Bakr A F, Karkour T (200
Page 67 and 68: References Deschamps M M, Noel F, B
Page 69 and 70: References Lim S, Dandona L, Hoisin
Page 71 and 72: References Shantharam Baliga B, Rag
Page 73 and 74: References Channon A A, Falkingham
Page 75 and 76: References Jowett M (2000) Safe Mot
Page 77 and 78: References Rice J, Rice J S (2009)
Page 79 and 80: Appendices Appendix 1.1: Authorship
Page 81 and 82: Appendix 2.1: Inclusion and exclusi
Page 83 and 84: Appendix 2.2: Search strategy for e
Page 85 and 86: Appendix 2.2 Infant* OR Matern* OR
Page 87 and 88: OR/ 12-13 11 AND 14 Limit 15 to pub
Page 89 and 90: Appendix 2.4: Journals handsearched
Page 91 and 92: POOR PROFILE Is the study populatio
Page 93 and 94: infants (
Page 95 and 96: Appendix 2.5 Intervention (surgical
Page 97 and 98: Appendix 2.5 Intervention (service
Page 99 and 100: MORTALITY OUTCOME TYPES Which morta
Page 101 and 102: positive neutral negative unclear/n
Page 103 and 104: yes no unclear/not stated N/A Study
Page 105 and 106: surveillance system none of the abo
Page 107 and 108: no SELECTION CHARACTERISTICS Is inf
Page 109 and 110: Appendix 2.5 QUANTITATIVE DATA ADJU
Page 111 and 112: RESEARCHER RELATIONSHIP Has the rel
Page 113: Were the inclusion/exclusion criter
Page 117 and 118: Appendix 2.7 Appendix 2.7: Quality
Page 119 and 120: triangulation, or for not triangula
Page 121 and 122: Was the study approved by an ethics
Page 123 and 124: Item Yes No Not clear 3. The viewpo
Page 125 and 126: Appendix 2.9: Electronic databases
Page 127 and 128: Web of Knowledge (including ISI Cit
Page 129 and 130: Study Setting Intervention type Abo
Page 131 and 132: Study Setting Intervention type Alw
Page 133 and 134: Study Setting Intervention type Ben
Page 135 and 136: Study Setting Intervention type Ble
Page 137 and 138: Study Setting Intervention type Cob
Page 139 and 140: Study Setting Intervention type Des
Page 141 and 142: Study Setting Intervention type Faw
Page 143 and 144: Study Setting Intervention type Jak
Page 145 and 146: Study Setting Intervention type Kup
Page 147 and 148: Study Setting Intervention type Mar
Page 149 and 150: Study Setting Intervention type Nah
Page 151 and 152: Study Setting Intervention type Pad
Page 153 and 154: Study Setting Intervention type Str
Page 155 and 156: Study Setting Intervention type Zia
Page 157 and 158: Appendix 3.2 Adam G K, Abdulla M A,
Page 159 and 160: Appendix 3.2 Balkus J, Bosire R, Jo
Page 161 and 162: Appendix 3.2 Boerma J T, Stroh G (1
Page 163 and 164: Appendix 3.2 Chiwuzie J, Okojie O,
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Appendix 3.2 De Alencar A E, Arraes
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Appendix 3.2 Ekman B, Pathmanathan
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Appendix 3.2 Garg R, Omwomo W, Witt
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Appendix 3.2 Gupta R, Sachdev H P,
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Appendix 3.2 Hutton G, Schellenberg
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Appendix 3.2 Khandker S R, Latif M
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Appendix 3.2 Lindblade K A, Eisele
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Appendix 3.2 Menéndez C, Bardají
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Appendix 3.2 Nduati R, John G, Mbor
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Appendix 3.2 O'Rourke K (1995a) The
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Appendix 3.2 Prual A, De Bernis L,
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Appendix 3.2 Sabitu K, Alti-Mu'azu
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Appendix 3.2 Smith J B, Coleman N A
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Appendix 3.2 Van Rheenen P, De Moor
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Appendix 3.2 Xiang X, Wang L, Xu L
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Appendix 3.4 Appendix 3.4: Studies
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Appendix 3.4 International Bank for
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Appendix 3.5 Appendix 3.5: Studies
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Orji (2003) (-)/(-) Shihadeh (2001)
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Chinayon (1998) (+)/(+) Kamilya (20
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Nahar (2004) (-)/(-) Tukur (2007) (
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Ndibazza (2010) (++)/(+) Antiretrov
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Bergstrom (1991) (+)/(+) Women with
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Enakpene (2010) (+)/(-) Etuk (2000a
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Pereira (1996) (-)/(-) Saleem (2007
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Joshi (2007
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Aaby (2005)
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Martins (20
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) de Muylder
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Provider mo
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Appendix 4.4: Included items dealin
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target Popu
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Colonna (19
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Kuhn (2008)
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target popu
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Mswia (2003
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Appendix 4.6: Included items dealin
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Appendix 4.8 Appendix 4.8: Economic
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) and setting
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Appendix 4.9: Included items identi
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
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Appendix 4.10: High-quality include
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The authors of this report were sup
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