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Appendix 3.2 Bryce J, Victora C G, Habicht J P, Vaughan J P, Black R E (2004) The multi-country evaluation of the integrated management of childhood illness strategy: lessons for the evaluation of public health interventions. American Journal of Public Health, 94(3), 406-415. Bullough C, Meda N, Makowiecka K, Ronsmans C, Achadi E L, Hussein J (2005) Current strategies for the reduction of maternal mortality. BJOG, 112(9), 1180- 1188. Burchett H E, Mayhew S H (2009) Maternal mortality in low-income countries: what interventions have been evaluated and how should the evidence base be developed further? International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 105(1), 78-81. Burkhalter B R, Abel E, Aguayo V, Diene S M, Parlato M B, Ross J S (1999) Nutrition advocacy and national development: the PROFILES programme and its application. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 77(5), 407-415. Burkhalter B R, Miller R I, Silva L, Burleigh E (1995) Variations in estimates of Guatemalan infant mortality, vaccination coverage, and ORS use reported by different sources. Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization, 29(1), 1-24. Bwire R, Kawuma H J (1992) Hospital-based study on neonatal tetanus, Buluba Hospital, 1985-1989. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95(1), 62-66. Cabero R L, Keith L G (2009) Post-partum haemorrhage: diagnosis, prevention and management. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 22(Suppl.), 38-45. Carlough M, McCall M (2005) Skilled birth attendance: what does it mean and how can it be measured? A clinical skills assessment of maternal and child health workers in Nepal. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 89(2), 200- 208. Chama C M, Morrupa J Y (2008) The safety of elective Caesarean section for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 28(2), 194-197. Chan G J, Moulton L H, Becker S, Munoz A, Black R E (2007) Non-specific effects of diphtheria tetanus pertussis vaccination on child mortality in Cebu, The Philippines. International Journal Epidemiology, 36(5), 1022-1029. Chatterjee A, Bosch R J, Hunter D J, Manji K, Msamanga G I, Fawzi W W (2010) Vitamin A and vitamin B-12 concentrations in relation to mortality and morbidity among children born to HIV-infected women. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 56(1), 27-35. Chaudhuri S N (2002) CINI's approaches to intervention: an innovative strategy to combat malnutrition in India. Nutrition Reviews, 60(5 II), S102-S108. Chhabra S, Dargan R, Nasare M (2007) Antepartum transabdominal amnioinfusion. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 97(2), 95-99. Chi I C, Wilkens L R, Gates D, Lamptey P, Petrick T (1989) Tubal ligation at Cesarean delivery in five Asian centers: a comparison with tubal ligation soon after vaginal delivery. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 30(3), 257- 265. Ching P, Birmingham M, Goodman T, Sutter R, Loevinsohn B (2000) Childhood mortality impact and costs of integrating vitamin A supplementation into immunization campaigns. American Journal of Public Health, 90(10), 1526-1529. What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 156
Appendix 3.2 Chiwuzie J, Okojie O, Okolocha C, Omorogbe S, Oronsaye A, Akpala W, Oikeh E (1997) Emergency loan funds to improve access to obstetric care in Ekpoma, Nigeria. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 59 (Suppl. 2), S231- 236. Chizema K E, Miller J M, Steketee R W, Mukonka V M, Mukuka C, Mohamed A D, Campbell C C (2010) Scaling up malaria control in Zambia: progress and impact 2005-2008. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83(3), 480- 488. Chobli M, Massougbodji-D'Almeida M, Agboton H, Sanou J, Madougou M, Assouto P (2002) [Creation of emergency care services in developing countries: luxury or necessity?]. Médecine Tropicale, 62(3), 260-262. Choe M K, Retherford R D, Gubhaju B B, Thapa S (1989) Ethnic differentials in early childhood mortality in Nepal. Journal of Biosocial Science, 21(2), 223-233. Choudhary D, Bano I, Ali S M (2009) Does amnioinfusion reduce Caesarean section rate in meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 282(1), 17-22. Chowdhury M E, Botlero R, Koblinsky M, Saha S K, Dieltiens G, Ronsmans C (2007) Determinants of reduction in maternal mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh: a 30-year cohort study. Lancet, 370(9595), 1320-1328. Christian P (2002) Maternal nutrition, health, and survival. Nutrition Reviews, 60(5 Pt 2), S59-63. Christian P, West K P, Jr, Khatry S K, Kimbrough-Pradhan E, LeClerq S C, Katz J, Sommer A (2000) Night blindness during pregnancy and subsequent mortality among women in Nepal: effects of vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation. American Journal of Epidemiology, 152(6), 542-547. Christian P, West K P, Jr, Khatry S K, LeClerq S C, Kimbrough P E, Katz J, Shrestha S R (2001) Maternal night blindness increases risk of mortality in the first 6 months of life among infants in Nepal. Journal of Nutrition, 131(5), 1510-1512. Christian P, West J K P, Khatry S K, Leclerq S C, Pradhan E K, Katz J, Sommer A (2003) Effects of maternal micronutrient supplementation on fetal loss and infant mortality: a cluster-randomized trial in Nepal. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78(6), 1194-1202. Chukudebelu W, Ikeme A, Okaro J, Egbuciem P, Onah B, Okeke V, Ikeagu A (1997) Involving the private sector in improving obstetric care, Anambra State, Nigeria. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 59 (Suppl. 2), S107-112. Clapham S, Kafle G, Neupane R (2005) Stimulating policy debate on blood transfusion services through the work of an emergency obstetric care project in Nepal. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 88(2), 194-202. Clark K A, Mitchell E H M, Aboagye P K (2010) Return on investment for essential obstetric care training in Ghana: do trained public sector midwives deliver postabortion care? Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health, 55(2), 153-161. Clayden P (2008) Starting infants on antiretroviral therapy. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine (32), 25-33. Clerk C A, Bruce J, Affipunguh P K, Mensah N, Hodgson A, Greenwood B, Chandramohan D (2008) A randomized, controlled trial of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, amodiaquine, or the combination in pregnant women in Ghana. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 198(8), 1202-1211. What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 157
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Systematic review What are the effe
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Contents List of abbreviations ....
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List of abbreviations AIDS Acquired
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Executive summary Background Execut
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Executive summary be to retrospecti
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Background many LICs and LMCs, it i
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Background Cross-sectional surveys
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Background For some causes of mater
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Background informal settlements on
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Background review focused on explic
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Types of intervention Interventions
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Box 2.2: Websites searched AFD (Age
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second stage previously described f
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using qualitative analysis to attem
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Figure 3.1: Filtering of papers fro
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Middle East and North Africa (8%) S
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Search results access or satisfacti
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4. Synthesis results Summary Synthe
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Synthesis results Four studies focu
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Drug treatments (including micronut
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Synthesis results Training and audi
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Synthesis results order to be effec
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Synthesis results government admini
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HIV/AIDS and Malaria, as well as no
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Synthesis results ASSESSING THE COS
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and birthing care services, includi
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Synthesis results of settings were
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Figure 4.1: Causal chain for matern
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4.3 Summary of results of causal ch
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5. Strengths and limitations Summar
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6. Conclusions and recommendations
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Conclusions and recommendations Urb
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References Bakr A F, Karkour T (200
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References Deschamps M M, Noel F, B
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References Lim S, Dandona L, Hoisin
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References Shantharam Baliga B, Rag
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References Channon A A, Falkingham
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References Jowett M (2000) Safe Mot
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References Rice J, Rice J S (2009)
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Appendices Appendix 1.1: Authorship
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Appendix 2.1: Inclusion and exclusi
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Appendix 2.2: Search strategy for e
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Appendix 2.2 Infant* OR Matern* OR
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OR/ 12-13 11 AND 14 Limit 15 to pub
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Appendix 2.4: Journals handsearched
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POOR PROFILE Is the study populatio
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infants (
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Appendix 2.5 Intervention (surgical
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Appendix 2.5 Intervention (service
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MORTALITY OUTCOME TYPES Which morta
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positive neutral negative unclear/n
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yes no unclear/not stated N/A Study
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surveillance system none of the abo
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no SELECTION CHARACTERISTICS Is inf
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Appendix 2.5 QUANTITATIVE DATA ADJU
Page 111 and 112: RESEARCHER RELATIONSHIP Has the rel
Page 113 and 114: Were the inclusion/exclusion criter
Page 115 and 116: person-years). 3.5 Was follow-up ti
Page 117 and 118: Appendix 2.7 Appendix 2.7: Quality
Page 119 and 120: triangulation, or for not triangula
Page 121 and 122: Was the study approved by an ethics
Page 123 and 124: Item Yes No Not clear 3. The viewpo
Page 125 and 126: Appendix 2.9: Electronic databases
Page 127 and 128: Web of Knowledge (including ISI Cit
Page 129 and 130: Study Setting Intervention type Abo
Page 131 and 132: Study Setting Intervention type Alw
Page 133 and 134: Study Setting Intervention type Ben
Page 135 and 136: Study Setting Intervention type Ble
Page 137 and 138: Study Setting Intervention type Cob
Page 139 and 140: Study Setting Intervention type Des
Page 141 and 142: Study Setting Intervention type Faw
Page 143 and 144: Study Setting Intervention type Jak
Page 145 and 146: Study Setting Intervention type Kup
Page 147 and 148: Study Setting Intervention type Mar
Page 149 and 150: Study Setting Intervention type Nah
Page 151 and 152: Study Setting Intervention type Pad
Page 153 and 154: Study Setting Intervention type Str
Page 155 and 156: Study Setting Intervention type Zia
Page 157 and 158: Appendix 3.2 Adam G K, Abdulla M A,
Page 159 and 160: Appendix 3.2 Balkus J, Bosire R, Jo
Page 161: Appendix 3.2 Boerma J T, Stroh G (1
Page 165 and 166: Appendix 3.2 De Alencar A E, Arraes
Page 167 and 168: Appendix 3.2 Ekman B, Pathmanathan
Page 169 and 170: Appendix 3.2 Garg R, Omwomo W, Witt
Page 171 and 172: Appendix 3.2 Gupta R, Sachdev H P,
Page 173 and 174: Appendix 3.2 Hutton G, Schellenberg
Page 175 and 176: Appendix 3.2 Khandker S R, Latif M
Page 177 and 178: Appendix 3.2 Lindblade K A, Eisele
Page 179 and 180: Appendix 3.2 Menéndez C, Bardají
Page 181 and 182: Appendix 3.2 Nduati R, John G, Mbor
Page 183 and 184: Appendix 3.2 O'Rourke K (1995a) The
Page 185 and 186: Appendix 3.2 Prual A, De Bernis L,
Page 187 and 188: Appendix 3.2 Sabitu K, Alti-Mu'azu
Page 189 and 190: Appendix 3.2 Smith J B, Coleman N A
Page 191 and 192: Appendix 3.2 Van Rheenen P, De Moor
Page 193 and 194: Appendix 3.2 Xiang X, Wang L, Xu L
Page 195 and 196: Appendix 3.4 Appendix 3.4: Studies
Page 197 and 198: Appendix 3.4 International Bank for
Page 199 and 200: Appendix 3.5 Appendix 3.5: Studies
Page 201 and 202: Orji (2003) (-)/(-) Shihadeh (2001)
Page 203 and 204: Chinayon (1998) (+)/(+) Kamilya (20
Page 205 and 206: Nahar (2004) (-)/(-) Tukur (2007) (
Page 207 and 208: Ndibazza (2010) (++)/(+) Antiretrov
Page 209 and 210: Bergstrom (1991) (+)/(+) Women with
Page 211 and 212: Enakpene (2010) (+)/(-) Etuk (2000a
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Pereira (1996) (-)/(-) Saleem (2007
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Joshi (2007
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Aaby (2005)
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Martins (20
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) de Muylder
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Provider mo
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Appendix 4.4: Included items dealin
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target Popu
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Colonna (19
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Kuhn (2008)
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target popu
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Mswia (2003
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Appendix 4.6: Included items dealin
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Appendix 4.8 Appendix 4.8: Economic
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) and setting
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Appendix 4.9: Included items identi
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
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Appendix 4.10: High-quality include
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The authors of this report were sup
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