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Appendix 2.4: Journals handsearched .................................................. 83 Appendix 2.5: Coding tool ................................................................ 84 Appendix 2.6: Quality appraisal checklist: quantitative studies ................... 106 Appendix 2.7: Quality appraisal checklist: qualitative studies .................... 111 Appendix 2.8: Quality appraisal checklist: cost-effectiveness studies ........... 116 Appendix 2.9: Electronic databases excluded ........................................ 119 Appendix 3.1: Details of studies included in the review ............................ 122 Appendix 3.2: Studies excluded after full-text screening .......................... 150 Appendix 3.3: Unobtainable studies ................................................... 188 Appendix 3.4: Studies identified as interesting and relevant, but not included in review ...................................................................................... 189 Appendix 3.5: Studies screened by title/abstract, but not by full-text (in an excluded foreign language) ............................................................. 193 Appendix 4.1: Included items dealing with clinical interventions and maternal mortality ................................................................................... 194 Appendix 4.2: Included items dealing with clinical interventions and infant mortality ................................................................................... 208 Appendix 4.3: Included items dealing with non-clinical interventions and maternal mortality ....................................................................... 214 Appendix 4.4: Included items dealing with non-clinical interventions and infant mortality ................................................................................... 219 Appendix 4.5: Included items dealing with complex interventions and maternal mortality ................................................................................... 226 Appendix 4.6: Included items dealing with complex interventions and infant mortality ................................................................................... 231 Appendix 4.7: Included items dealing with complex interventions and both maternal and infant mortality .......................................................... 232 Appendix 4.8: Economic analyses of interventions targeted at urban dwelling poor populations to reduce maternal and infant mortality ........................ 233 Appendix 4.9: Included items identified as high quality, with positive outcome(s) for maternal and/or infant mortality .................................................. 237 Appendix 4.10: High-quality included items with successful mortality outcomes, but not explicitly targeting urban poor populations ................................. 243 iii
List of abbreviations AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ANC Antenatal care APHRC African Population and Health Research Center BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guerin CS Caesarean section DALY Disability-Adjusted Life Year DHS Demographic and Health Survey DSS Demographic Surveillance System DTP Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis EmOC Emergency obstetric care ENC Essential newborn care EPI Expanded Programme on Immunization EPPI Evidence for Policy and Practice Information EV External validity FP Family planning HAART Highly active antiretroviral treatment HBV Hepatitis B vaccine HIV Human immunodeficiency virus IMR Infant mortality rate IV Internal validity JSY Janani Suraksha Yojana KMC Kangaroo mother care LBW Low birthweight LIC Low income country LMC Lower middle income country MCH Maternal and child health MDG Millennium Development Goal MDR Maternal death review MeSH Medical subject headings MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey MMR Maternal mortality ratio MR Mortality rate MTCT Mother to child transmission Abbreviations iv
Page 1 and 2: Systematic review What are the effe
Page 3: Contents List of abbreviations ....
Page 7 and 8: Executive summary Background Execut
Page 9 and 10: Executive summary be to retrospecti
Page 11 and 12: Background many LICs and LMCs, it i
Page 13 and 14: Background Cross-sectional surveys
Page 15 and 16: Background For some causes of mater
Page 17 and 18: Background informal settlements on
Page 19 and 20: Background review focused on explic
Page 21 and 22: Types of intervention Interventions
Page 23 and 24: Box 2.2: Websites searched AFD (Age
Page 25 and 26: second stage previously described f
Page 27 and 28: using qualitative analysis to attem
Page 29 and 30: Figure 3.1: Filtering of papers fro
Page 31 and 32: Middle East and North Africa (8%) S
Page 33 and 34: Search results access or satisfacti
Page 35 and 36: 4. Synthesis results Summary Synthe
Page 37 and 38: Synthesis results Four studies focu
Page 39 and 40: Drug treatments (including micronut
Page 41 and 42: Synthesis results Training and audi
Page 43 and 44: Synthesis results order to be effec
Page 45 and 46: Synthesis results government admini
Page 47 and 48: HIV/AIDS and Malaria, as well as no
Page 49 and 50: Synthesis results ASSESSING THE COS
Page 51 and 52: and birthing care services, includi
Page 53 and 54: Synthesis results of settings were
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Figure 4.1: Causal chain for matern
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4.3 Summary of results of causal ch
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5. Strengths and limitations Summar
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6. Conclusions and recommendations
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Conclusions and recommendations Urb
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References Bakr A F, Karkour T (200
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References Deschamps M M, Noel F, B
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References Lim S, Dandona L, Hoisin
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References Shantharam Baliga B, Rag
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References Channon A A, Falkingham
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References Jowett M (2000) Safe Mot
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References Rice J, Rice J S (2009)
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Appendices Appendix 1.1: Authorship
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Appendix 2.1: Inclusion and exclusi
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Appendix 2.2: Search strategy for e
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Appendix 2.2 Infant* OR Matern* OR
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OR/ 12-13 11 AND 14 Limit 15 to pub
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Appendix 2.4: Journals handsearched
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POOR PROFILE Is the study populatio
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infants (
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Appendix 2.5 Intervention (surgical
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Appendix 2.5 Intervention (service
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MORTALITY OUTCOME TYPES Which morta
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positive neutral negative unclear/n
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yes no unclear/not stated N/A Study
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surveillance system none of the abo
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no SELECTION CHARACTERISTICS Is inf
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Appendix 2.5 QUANTITATIVE DATA ADJU
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RESEARCHER RELATIONSHIP Has the rel
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Were the inclusion/exclusion criter
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person-years). 3.5 Was follow-up ti
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Appendix 2.7 Appendix 2.7: Quality
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triangulation, or for not triangula
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Was the study approved by an ethics
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Item Yes No Not clear 3. The viewpo
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Appendix 2.9: Electronic databases
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Web of Knowledge (including ISI Cit
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Study Setting Intervention type Abo
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Study Setting Intervention type Alw
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Study Setting Intervention type Ben
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Study Setting Intervention type Ble
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Study Setting Intervention type Cob
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Study Setting Intervention type Des
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Study Setting Intervention type Faw
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Study Setting Intervention type Jak
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Study Setting Intervention type Kup
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Study Setting Intervention type Mar
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Study Setting Intervention type Nah
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Study Setting Intervention type Pad
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Study Setting Intervention type Str
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Study Setting Intervention type Zia
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Appendix 3.2 Adam G K, Abdulla M A,
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Appendix 3.2 Balkus J, Bosire R, Jo
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Appendix 3.2 Boerma J T, Stroh G (1
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Appendix 3.2 Chiwuzie J, Okojie O,
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Appendix 3.2 De Alencar A E, Arraes
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Appendix 3.2 Ekman B, Pathmanathan
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Appendix 3.2 Garg R, Omwomo W, Witt
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Appendix 3.2 Gupta R, Sachdev H P,
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Appendix 3.2 Hutton G, Schellenberg
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Appendix 3.2 Khandker S R, Latif M
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Appendix 3.2 Lindblade K A, Eisele
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Appendix 3.2 Menéndez C, Bardají
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Appendix 3.2 Nduati R, John G, Mbor
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Appendix 3.2 O'Rourke K (1995a) The
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Appendix 3.2 Prual A, De Bernis L,
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Appendix 3.2 Sabitu K, Alti-Mu'azu
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Appendix 3.2 Smith J B, Coleman N A
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Appendix 3.2 Van Rheenen P, De Moor
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Appendix 3.2 Xiang X, Wang L, Xu L
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Appendix 3.4 Appendix 3.4: Studies
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Appendix 3.4 International Bank for
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Appendix 3.5 Appendix 3.5: Studies
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Orji (2003) (-)/(-) Shihadeh (2001)
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Chinayon (1998) (+)/(+) Kamilya (20
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Nahar (2004) (-)/(-) Tukur (2007) (
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Ndibazza (2010) (++)/(+) Antiretrov
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Bergstrom (1991) (+)/(+) Women with
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Enakpene (2010) (+)/(-) Etuk (2000a
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Pereira (1996) (-)/(-) Saleem (2007
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Joshi (2007
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Aaby (2005)
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Martins (20
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) de Muylder
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Provider mo
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Appendix 4.4: Included items dealin
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target Popu
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Colonna (19
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Kuhn (2008)
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target popu
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Mswia (2003
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Appendix 4.6: Included items dealin
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Appendix 4.8 Appendix 4.8: Economic
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) and setting
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Appendix 4.9: Included items identi
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
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Appendix 4.10: High-quality include
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The authors of this report were sup
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