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3. Search results Summary Search results The searches returned 9,025 potentially relevant items of evidence, 98% of which were excluded after reviewing titles and abstracts. We did not identify a single item that both had a qualitative focus and also had a discussion of change in mortality outcomes 31 per cent of the included quantitative studies were identified as ‘low quality’. Our causal chain analyses are restricted to medium- and high-quality items only. We assessed item quality after completion of the searches, and to avoid exclusion of potentially valid items, quality was not part of the inclusion criteria. Of particular note was the lack of clarity or depth surrounding the ethical conduct of research that involved human subjects. Electronic databases searches produced over 9,000 potentially relevant papers. All searches were downloaded into EndNote 14 and duplicates were excluded. This left 7,324 records to be examined. Two reviewers systematically screened all references by title/abstract using the screening short questions: the majority of papers were discarded and the remaining 703 references were downloaded into another EndNote library and full text obtained. After multiple searches, we were unable to locate 16 references (Appendix 3.3). 3.1 Studies included from searching and screening Full-text references were screened for inclusion/exclusion criteria: 114 were included in the final review and downloaded into EPPI-Reviewer 4 for coding. Articles were excluded because they were published in a foreign language other than English, French, Spanish or Italian, they did not present separate outcomes for urban and rural populations, were editorials/commentaries/book reviews/literature reviews, or did not present data on our outcomes of interest (Appendix 3.2). Searches of websites did not lead to new references. Handsearching journals produced 15 new references, all successively discarded during the full-text screening. The screening cross-check, to test for inter-reviewer variability, resulted in final agreement rates between 82 and 92 percent. Figure 3.1 provides a detailed representation of the search strategy and review process. Separate appendices (3.1 and 3.2) detail included and those excluded after full-text screening, respectively. Additional appendices (3.4 and 3.5) list interesting references excluded during the first or the second stage and references with full text in languages other than English, French, Spanish or Italian. 14 http://www.endnote.com What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 22
Figure 3.1: Filtering of papers from searching to map to synthesis 3.2 Details of included studies The searches returned 9,025 potentially relevant items, including 9,010 from database searches and 15 from handsearches. The majority (98 percent) of papers were excluded after reviewing titles, and the abstracts of the remaining 114 items were downloaded into EndNote. All included studies date from 1989 (Figure 3.2). Search results What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 23
Page 1 and 2: Systematic review What are the effe
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of abbreviations ....
Page 5 and 6: List of abbreviations AIDS Acquired
Page 7 and 8: Executive summary Background Execut
Page 9 and 10: Executive summary be to retrospecti
Page 11 and 12: Background many LICs and LMCs, it i
Page 13 and 14: Background Cross-sectional surveys
Page 15 and 16: Background For some causes of mater
Page 17 and 18: Background informal settlements on
Page 19 and 20: Background review focused on explic
Page 21 and 22: Types of intervention Interventions
Page 23 and 24: Box 2.2: Websites searched AFD (Age
Page 25 and 26: second stage previously described f
Page 27: using qualitative analysis to attem
Page 31 and 32: Middle East and North Africa (8%) S
Page 33 and 34: Search results access or satisfacti
Page 35 and 36: 4. Synthesis results Summary Synthe
Page 37 and 38: Synthesis results Four studies focu
Page 39 and 40: Drug treatments (including micronut
Page 41 and 42: Synthesis results Training and audi
Page 43 and 44: Synthesis results order to be effec
Page 45 and 46: Synthesis results government admini
Page 47 and 48: HIV/AIDS and Malaria, as well as no
Page 49 and 50: Synthesis results ASSESSING THE COS
Page 51 and 52: and birthing care services, includi
Page 53 and 54: Synthesis results of settings were
Page 55 and 56: Figure 4.1: Causal chain for matern
Page 57 and 58: 4.3 Summary of results of causal ch
Page 59 and 60: 5. Strengths and limitations Summar
Page 61 and 62: 6. Conclusions and recommendations
Page 63 and 64: Conclusions and recommendations Urb
Page 65 and 66: References Bakr A F, Karkour T (200
Page 67 and 68: References Deschamps M M, Noel F, B
Page 69 and 70: References Lim S, Dandona L, Hoisin
Page 71 and 72: References Shantharam Baliga B, Rag
Page 73 and 74: References Channon A A, Falkingham
Page 75 and 76: References Jowett M (2000) Safe Mot
Page 77 and 78: References Rice J, Rice J S (2009)
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Appendices Appendix 1.1: Authorship
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Appendix 2.1: Inclusion and exclusi
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Appendix 2.2: Search strategy for e
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Appendix 2.2 Infant* OR Matern* OR
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OR/ 12-13 11 AND 14 Limit 15 to pub
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Appendix 2.4: Journals handsearched
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POOR PROFILE Is the study populatio
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infants (
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Appendix 2.5 Intervention (surgical
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Appendix 2.5 Intervention (service
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MORTALITY OUTCOME TYPES Which morta
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positive neutral negative unclear/n
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yes no unclear/not stated N/A Study
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surveillance system none of the abo
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no SELECTION CHARACTERISTICS Is inf
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Appendix 2.5 QUANTITATIVE DATA ADJU
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RESEARCHER RELATIONSHIP Has the rel
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Were the inclusion/exclusion criter
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person-years). 3.5 Was follow-up ti
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Appendix 2.7 Appendix 2.7: Quality
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triangulation, or for not triangula
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Was the study approved by an ethics
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Item Yes No Not clear 3. The viewpo
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Appendix 2.9: Electronic databases
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Web of Knowledge (including ISI Cit
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Study Setting Intervention type Abo
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Study Setting Intervention type Alw
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Study Setting Intervention type Ben
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Study Setting Intervention type Ble
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Study Setting Intervention type Cob
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Study Setting Intervention type Des
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Study Setting Intervention type Faw
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Study Setting Intervention type Jak
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Study Setting Intervention type Kup
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Study Setting Intervention type Mar
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Study Setting Intervention type Nah
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Study Setting Intervention type Pad
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Study Setting Intervention type Str
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Study Setting Intervention type Zia
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Appendix 3.2 Adam G K, Abdulla M A,
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Appendix 3.2 Balkus J, Bosire R, Jo
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Appendix 3.2 Boerma J T, Stroh G (1
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Appendix 3.2 Chiwuzie J, Okojie O,
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Appendix 3.2 De Alencar A E, Arraes
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Appendix 3.2 Ekman B, Pathmanathan
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Appendix 3.2 Garg R, Omwomo W, Witt
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Appendix 3.2 Gupta R, Sachdev H P,
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Appendix 3.2 Hutton G, Schellenberg
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Appendix 3.2 Khandker S R, Latif M
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Appendix 3.2 Lindblade K A, Eisele
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Appendix 3.2 Menéndez C, Bardají
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Appendix 3.2 Nduati R, John G, Mbor
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Appendix 3.2 O'Rourke K (1995a) The
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Appendix 3.2 Prual A, De Bernis L,
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Appendix 3.2 Sabitu K, Alti-Mu'azu
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Appendix 3.2 Smith J B, Coleman N A
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Appendix 3.2 Van Rheenen P, De Moor
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Appendix 3.2 Xiang X, Wang L, Xu L
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Appendix 3.4 Appendix 3.4: Studies
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Appendix 3.4 International Bank for
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Appendix 3.5 Appendix 3.5: Studies
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Orji (2003) (-)/(-) Shihadeh (2001)
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Chinayon (1998) (+)/(+) Kamilya (20
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Nahar (2004) (-)/(-) Tukur (2007) (
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Ndibazza (2010) (++)/(+) Antiretrov
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Bergstrom (1991) (+)/(+) Women with
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Enakpene (2010) (+)/(-) Etuk (2000a
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Pereira (1996) (-)/(-) Saleem (2007
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Joshi (2007
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Aaby (2005)
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Martins (20
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) de Muylder
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Provider mo
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Appendix 4.4: Included items dealin
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target Popu
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Colonna (19
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Kuhn (2008)
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target popu
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Mswia (2003
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Appendix 4.6: Included items dealin
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Appendix 4.8 Appendix 4.8: Economic
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) and setting
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Appendix 4.9: Included items identi
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
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Appendix 4.10: High-quality include
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The authors of this report were sup
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